collagen, spit, sphincter, constipation, diverticulosis, gut, pooing, ligaments, laxative

Constipation, usually defined as having fewer than three bowel movements per week, is the most frequent gastrointestinal complaint. And many people don’t want to take medications every day, or fear they will become dependent on laxatives (even though that’s a common misconception).

He helped puzzle out the structure of collagen膠原蛋白, a protein that is abundant in ligaments韌帶 and skin, and he discovered that DNA can exist in an odd zigzag form, which he called Z-DNA.




最被忽略的器官的內情故事；大便之道

Best-selling German scientist and author Guilia Enders reveals how we're all pooing wrong

Enders' book, now translated into English, teaches how to love your gut

The author of an unexpected German bestseller on how to love your gut has had her work translated into English – and is set to teach new millions in the Western world that we’re all pooing wrong.

Speaking to The Guardian, microbiologist and newfound publishing sensation Giulia Enders explained the first basic error we all make in the West is to poo while sitting down.

Squatting, it seems, is the natural way to relieve yourself because it “opens the hatch” of the bowels, whereas sitting or standing shuts off the pipe. Enders said: “1.2 billion people around the world who squat have almost no incidence of diverticulosis and fewer problems with piles. We in the west, on the other hand, squeeze our gut tissue until it comes out of our bottoms.”

diverticulosisLine breaks: di|ver¦ticu|losis

Pronunciation: /ˌdʌɪvətɪkjʊˈləʊsɪs/

Definition of diverticulosis in English:

noun

[MASS NOUN] Medicine

A condition in which diverticula are present in theintestine without signs of inflammation. Compare with diverticulitis.[名]《病理(学)》憩室炎.

Enders also explains in the book how humans in fact have two sphincters, an inner and an outer, and that listening to what they’re telling us could be one of the easiest ways to avoid 

constipation.[名][U]

1 便秘.
2 不活発，沈滞；妨害.

sphincter

[名]《解剖》括約筋.

While we can control the outer sphincter, the inner one is automatic – an evolutionary development that responds to other stimuli to decide whether we are in a “safe” place to take a loo break. Ignoring your inner sphincter, say if you are worried someone might hear you poo, can cause it to stop functioning properly.

Enders’ book also includes more controversial passages on the link between psychological wellbeing and a healthy gut – she speculates, for instance, upon the fate of a man she met who had terrible breath and killed himself, wondering whether the two were linked.

But it also includes little gems on the gut in general, including that the oft-discarded appendix is in fact full of useful bacteria and that eating well increases the amount of a naturally-occurring painkiller in our spit.唾液(だえき),

Enders’ book in translation, Gut: The Inside Story of Our Body's Most Underrated Organ, with illustrations by her sister Jill, is available in the UK and online from 24 May.