2026年11月10日 星期二

攝影術(Photography)發展至今已有 200週年 的歷史(約由 1826 年第一張永久性照片誕生算起,至 2026 年邁入雙百年紀念)。 亞爾攝影節 Except, it seems, in Arles..... photostat, photographic. strangely good. photographic memory

 攝影術(Photography)發展至今已有 200週年 的歷史(約由 1826 年第一張永久性照片誕生算起,至 2026 年邁入雙百年紀念)。      photostat, photographic. strangely good. photographic memory

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攝影術(Photography)發展至今已有 200週年 的歷史(約由 1826 年第一張永久性照片誕生算起,至 2026 年邁入雙百年紀念)。這 200 年來,攝影從一開始繁複的科學實驗,演變為記錄歷史、大眾創作與日常通訊的重要媒介。 [1, 2]

1. 攝影術的起源(1820年代)
  • 1826年:法國發明家尼埃普斯(Nicéphore Niépce)在尼德斯(Le Gras)的莊園窗前拍下了現存最早的永久性攝影作品《窗外景色》(View from the Window at Le Gras),利用日光蝕刻法(Heliography)將光影固定在金屬板上。 [1, 2]
  • 1839年:法國畫家路易·達蓋爾(Louis Daguerre)與尼埃普斯合作後,向法國科學院正式公布了「銀版攝影術」(Daguerreotype),讓攝影真正進入公眾視野(這一天後來被定為世界攝影日:8月19日)。同年,英國人威廉·福克斯·塔爾博特(William Henry Fox Talbot)也發表了負片-正片(Calotype)感光紙技術。 [1, 2, 3]
2. 技術與普及的演進(19世紀中葉至20世紀)
  • 濕版與乾版攝影:1851年濕版攝影(Wet Collodion)與1871年玻璃乾版(Glass Dry Plate)出現,大幅縮短了曝光時間。 [1]
  • 膠卷與大眾化:1888年,美國柯達公司(Eastman Kodak)推出第一台使用「底片卷」的可攜式相機,宣示「你按快門,其餘交給我」,讓攝影走入尋常百姓家。 [1, 2]
  • 彩色攝影:1907年盧米埃兄弟推出「天然彩色乾版」(Autochrome),1935年柯達推出柯達彩色底片(Kodachrome),彩色影像開始普及。 [1, 2, 3]
3. 數位革命與現代(20世紀末至今)
  • 數位感光元件:1970年代中期發明了首個數位感光元件,1990年代起數位相機逐漸取代傳統底片。
  • 手機與社群時代:2010年代智慧型手機普及,人人隨手可拍、即時分享,攝影成為全球日常溝通的一部分。
  • AI生成影像:進入2020年代後,人工智慧開始介入影像生成與處理,也引發了關於攝影「真實性」的全新討論。 [1, 2, 3, 4]



The title "Masterpieces From the State Tretyakov Gallery--Unforgettable Russia" well fits the current show of images now on at the Bunkamura Museum of Art in Tokyo's Shibuya.

While none of us were around back in the 19th century, this show succeeds remarkably in making imperial Russia seem a place drawn from a collective memory.

The effect is strangely photographic, despite the fact that it's made up entirely of paintings.





photostat

The noun has one meaning:

Meaning #1: a photocopy made on a Photostat machine


The verb photostat has one meaning:

Meaning #1: make a copy by means of a Photostat device

胡適在1954年5月1日 將它翻譯為"影鈔"
胡適日記全集 - Google Books
胡適 ... 1953 年5 月6 日今天費了六七鐘頭,把國會圖書館寄來的一大卷Photostat 「 北平圖書館善本書膠片 ...


現在辭典:

n. - 直接影印機, 直接影印本
v. tr. - 直接影印
v. intr. - 照相複製, 用直接影印機複印

日本語 (Japanese)
n. - フォトスタット, 直接複写写真
v. - フォトスタットで複写する


photograph 
noun [C] (INFORMAL photo)
a picture produced using a camera:
a colour/black-and-white photograph
aerial photographs
nude photographs
My parents took a lot of photographs of us when we were small.
See picture .

photograph 
verb [T]
I prefer photographing people rather than places.
[+ object + ing form of verb] MacKay was photographed leaving the building.

photographer 
noun [C]
a person who takes photographs, either as a job or hobby:
a fashion/press/amateur photographer

photographic 
adjective
photographic equipment/film/materials
photographic skills
Her paintings are almost photographic in their detail and accuracy.

photographically Show phonetics
adverb

photography Show phonetics
noun [U]
(the activity or job of taking) photographs or films:
She's doing an evening class in photography.
The film won an award for its photography.
photographic memory noun [C usually singular]
If you have a photographic memory, you are able to remember things in exact detail.


(fō'təstăt') , reproduction of any printed or simple black-and-white material, such as drawings or manuscripts, made by the Photostat, a photographic camera. While slower and more expensive than xerography, the process is still used where a high degree of resolution is desired, as in publishing.


 亞爾攝影節 is notable for an ostrich-like disregard for the many threats and occasional thrills that in recent years have been attached to the accelerating autonomy of the computer.


 亞爾攝影節 

Except, it seems, in Arles, the bright town of Roman and medieval stone in the south of France that since 1970 has hosted Europe’s pre-eminent photography festival: the Rencontres de la Photographie. This year it brings together some 30 exhibitions in churches, municipal buildings, museums and a grocery store, and is notable for an ostrich-like disregard for the many threats and occasional thrills that in recent years have been attached to the accelerating autonomy of the computer.

阿爾勒似乎是個例外。這座位於法國南部、由羅馬和中世紀石牆環繞的明亮小鎮,自1970年以來一直舉辦歐洲首屈一指的攝影節——攝影節(Rencontres de la Photographie)。今年,攝影節匯集了約30場展覽,涵蓋教堂、市政建築、博物館和一家雜貨店。近年來,隨著電腦的日益自主化,各種威脅和偶爾的刺激層出不窮,而阿爾勒卻像鴕鳥一樣漠視這些威脅和刺激,這一點尤為引人注目。
A picture of three small figures in a small boat on a brown river.
“Gathering the Whispers, 2025,” by Raphaëlle Peria, on display at the Cloître Saint-Trophim in Arles.Credit...Raphaëlle Peria


亞爾(法語:Arles,法語發音:[aʁl],中國大陸譯作阿爾勒;普羅旺斯方言:Arle),法國東南部城市,普羅旺斯-阿爾卑斯-藍色海岸大區隆河河口省的一個市鎮,同時也是該省的一個副省會,下轄亞爾區[1],2022年1月1日時人口數量為51,156人,在法國城市中排名第121位。
Arles
Arle (Occitan)
Flag of Arles
Coat of arms of Arles
Location of Arles
Arles is located in France
Arles
Arles
Coordinates: 43°40′36″N 4°37′40″E
CountryFrance
RegionProvence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
DepartmentBouches-du-Rhône
ArrondissementArles
CantonArles
IntercommunalityArles-Crau-Camargue-Montagnette

亞爾雖然是座中世紀古城,但街區裡也可見到各種現代裝置藝術。

亞爾小鎮 處處見梵谷

1888年,35歲的梵谷移居亞爾直至發生割耳事件、及舉槍自戕逝世,在他人生最後的這15個月,梵谷完成了許多色彩鮮豔明亮、畫風充滿情感的風景畫等作品,比如《頂奎特爾橋》、《星空下的咖啡座》、《亞爾療養院的庭園》等,而這些畫作如今都被複製掛於他當時作畫的地方,對比著現今的景貌,讓人憑弔欣賞。其中《星空下的咖啡座》畫裡的露天咖啡座至今都還維持當年原貌,名為梵谷咖啡座,有時間的話,不妨於此喝杯「吸引眾人目光」的下午茶。

strangely
/ˈstreɪn(d)ʒli/
adverb
  1. in an unusual or surprising way.
    "he started acting strangely towards me"