As the war in Iran rages on, investors all seem to be saying the same thing: that current market pricing betrays a staggering optimism about a bad situation that could get an awful lot worse
隨著伊朗戰爭持續升級，投資人似乎都在表達同一個觀點：目前的市場定價"無意間" (我加的)反映出對糟糕局勢的驚人樂觀，而這種局勢很可能會進一步惡化。
The Lius are China’s first-generation billionaires, born into a world of Mao suits, food rations, price controls and Communist slogans. And the story of how they made their fortune is considered one of the guiding myths of China’s Communist party, a symbol of this country’s transformation over the last 30 years, since its unlikely embrace of capitalism. But their story also betrays the contradictions of modern China — a country where the average factory worker makes less than $50 a week.
劉氏家族是中國第一代億萬富翁，他們出生在一個毛式中山裝、糧食配給、物價管制和共產主義口號盛行的年代。他們的致富故事被視為中國共產黨的核心神話之一，也是中國自30年前出人意料地擁抱資本主義以來發生巨變的象徵。但他們的故事也揭露了現代中國的矛盾之處──在這個國家，一般工廠工人的周薪不到50美元。
2009
on Page 1:
"one which still holds a prominent place in Irish myths and memories. When the siege of Londonderry was lifted, and James II decisively defeated at the battle of the Boyne"
美國人向來信科學不信偏方，重量級醫藥保健書明星不能走偏鋒出奇招，否則出版社把關先就過不了。曾任教美國賓州大學的南西‧史妮德曼（Nancy Snyderman），轉任美國NBC電視台醫藥新聞主編後知名度竄升，新近出版《致命的醫學小常識????》（Medical Myths That Can Kill You），封面打肖像牌顯見就是暢銷保單。新書走智性訴求，強調許多聽來的「醫學小常識」都是錯的；提醒讀者想活得健康長壽，就必須深入瞭解醫學知識背後 的科學根據，在生活中實踐。
n.
disprove
noun
1 [C or U] an ancient story or set of stories, especially explaining in a literary way the early history of a group of people or about natural events and facts:
ancient myths
The children enjoyed the stories about the gods and goddesses of Greek and Roman myth.
Most societies have their own creation myths.
2 [C + that] DISAPPROVING a commonly believed but false idea:
Statistics disprove the myth that women are worse drivers than men.disprove
verb [T]
to prove that something is not true:
The allegations have been disproved.
betray (SHOW) 洩漏
verb [T]
to show feelings, thoughts or a particular characteristic without intending to:
If he is nervous on stage, he does not betray it.
Although she often seems quite cold and harsh, her smiling eyes betray her true nature.
━ n. 神話; 作り話; （一般に広まった）誤った信念; 架空の人［物］.
myth・ic, myth・i・cal
(
) ━━ a. 神話［架空］の.
出賣與betray
在網路上看到這樣的標題："人到中年 你的容貌出賣了你的內心"大意是："心慈則貌美。"
文中的 "出賣"顯然是從英文betray轉譯過來的。不過中文 "出賣"有負面的意思，betray則未必。例如："炊煙起處有人家"譯為The smoke betrays where the dwelling lies.便是完全了解betray意思的正確用法，並沒有 "出賣" 的意思。
"你的容貌出賣了你的內心"一句，事實上真正被 "出賣"的是原作者，說明他/她的中文比英文差。
在網路上看到這樣的標題："人到中年 你的容貌出賣了你的內心"大意是："心慈則貌美。"
文中的 "出賣"顯然是從英文betray轉譯過來的。不過中文 "出賣"有負面的意思，betray則未必。例如："炊煙起處有人家"譯為The smoke betrays where the dwelling lies.便是完全了解betray意思的正確用法，並沒有 "出賣" 的意思。
"你的容貌出賣了你的內心"一句，事實上真正被 "出賣"的是原作者，說明他/她的中文比英文差。
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人工智慧概述
認知失調理論由萊昂·費斯廷格於1957年提出，它解釋了當人們持有兩種或多種相互矛盾的信念、價值觀或行為時所經歷的心理不適。人們天生追求一致性；因此，這種衝突會產生緊張感，促使人們透過改變行為、調整信念或合理化矛盾來減少失調。
EBSCO
認知失調理論的關鍵面向：
定義：由行為和態度不一致而導致的令人痛苦的心理狀態。
核心原則：人類的動機類似飢餓，即減少失調並實現協調（一致）。
減少失調的技巧：人們可以透過以下方式緩解失調：
改變行為：停止不一致的行為（例如，戒菸）。
改變信念/態度：改變想法以合理化行為（例如，「其實沒那麼不健康」）。
加入新的認知元素：找到新的資訊來推翻不協調的信念。
程度：認知失調的強度取決於信念的重要性以及不一致的顯著性。
EBSCO
常見範例及研究：
吸煙：明知吸煙有害卻繼續吸煙會造成嚴重的認知失調，通常會透過將吸煙合理化為低風險或享受吸煙的樂趣來解決。
努力合理化：如果一個人努力實現一個最終結果平庸的目標，他們可能會說服自己，為了避免感到愚蠢，付出是值得的。
1 美元 vs. 20 美元實驗：費斯廷格和卡爾史密斯 (1959) 發現，那些因撒謊而獲得較少報酬的人，更有可能改變之前的想法，認為這項任務很有趣，因為他們幾乎沒有理由撒謊（1 美元），這導致他們比那些獲得較高報酬的人（20 美元）產生更大的認知失調。
Youtube
重要性：
認知失調是社會心理學中的一個基本概念，它解釋了人們如何為自己的行為辯護、做出決定、改變態度。它表明，人們通常會改變自己的信念以使其與行為一致，而不是改變自己的行為以使其與信念一致。
Medium
Cognitive dissonance theory, introduced by Leon Festinger in 1957,
explains the mental discomfort experienced when holding two or more contradictory beliefs, values, or behaviors. People naturally strive for consistency; therefore, this conflict creates tension that motivates individuals to reduce the dissonance by changing their behavior, altering their beliefs, or rationalizing the inconsistency.Key Aspects of Cognitive Dissonance Theory:
- Definition: The distressing mental state resulting from inconsistency between actions and attitudes.
- Core Principle: Humans are motivated to reduce dissonance, similar to hunger, and to achieve consonance (alignment).
- Reduction Techniques: Individuals can alleviate dissonance by:
- Changing behavior: Stopping the inconsistent action (e.g., quitting smoking).
- Changing beliefs/attitudes: Altering thoughts to justify the action (e.g., "It’s not actually that unhealthy").
- Adding new cognitive elements: Finding new information that outweighs the dissonant belief.
- Magnitude: The intensity of dissonance depends on the importance of the beliefs and the significance of the inconsistency.
Common Examples & Research:
- Smoking: Knowing smoking is harmful while continuing to smoke creates severe dissonance, often resolved by justifying smoking as low-risk or enjoying it.
- Effort Justification: If someone works hard to achieve a goal that turns out to be mediocre, they may convince themselves it was worthwhile to avoid feeling foolish.
- The $1 vs. $20 Experiment: Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) found that people paid less to lie about a boring task were more likely to change their belief to find it enjoyable, because they had little justification for lying ($1), creating higher dissonance than those paid well ($20).
Why it Matters:
Cognitive dissonance is a fundamental concept in social psychology that explains how people justify their actions, make decisions, and modify their attitudes. It shows that people often change their beliefs to align with their behavior, rather than changing their behavior to align with their beliefs.
Cognitive dissonance is a fundamental concept in social psychology that explains how people justify their actions, make decisions, and modify their attitudes. It shows that people often change their beliefs to align with their behavior, rather than changing their behavior to align with their beliefs.
In Suburbia, Doubts Persist About Trump
Undecided women in Philadelphia’s suburbs, a crucial voting bloc, said Mr. Trump had not only failed to win them over but in many cases had repelled them.
on Page 1:
"one which still holds a prominent place in Irish myths and memories. When the siege of Londonderry was lifted, and James II decisively defeated at the battle of the Boyne"
美國人向來信科學不信偏方，重量級醫藥保健書明星不能走偏鋒出奇招，否則出版社把關先就過不了。曾任教美國賓州大學的南西‧史妮德曼（Nancy Snyderman），轉任美國NBC電視台醫藥新聞主編後知名度竄升，新近出版《致命的醫學小常識????》（Medical Myths That Can Kill You），封面打肖像牌顯見就是暢銷保單。新書走智性訴求，強調許多聽來的「醫學小常識」都是錯的；提醒讀者想活得健康長壽，就必須深入瞭解醫學知識背後 的科學根據，在生活中實踐。
myth
n.
- A traditional, typically ancient story dealing with supernatural beings, ancestors, or heroes that serves as a fundamental type in the worldview of a people, as by explaining aspects of the natural world or delineating the psychology, customs, or ideals of society: the myth of Eros and Psyche; a creation myth.
- Such stories considered as a group: the realm of myth.
- A popular belief or story that has become associated with a person, institution, or occurrence, especially one considered to illustrate a cultural ideal: a star whose fame turned her into a myth; the pioneer myth of suburbia.
- A fiction or half-truth, especially one that forms part of an ideology.
- A fictitious story, person, or thing: “German artillery superiority on the Western Front was a myth” (Leon Wolff).
[New Latin m[ymacr]thus, from Late Latin m[ymacr]thos, from Greek mūthos.]
disprove
noun
1 [C or U] an ancient story or set of stories, especially explaining in a literary way the early history of a group of people or about natural events and facts:
ancient myths
The children enjoyed the stories about the gods and goddesses of Greek and Roman myth.
Most societies have their own creation myths.
2 [C + that] DISAPPROVING a commonly believed but false idea:
Statistics disprove the myth that women are worse drivers than men.disprove
verb [T]
to prove that something is not true:
The allegations have been disproved.
betray (SHOW) 洩漏
verb [T]
to show feelings, thoughts or a particular characteristic without intending to:
If he is nervous on stage, he does not betray it.
Although she often seems quite cold and harsh, her smiling eyes betray her true nature.
Unintentionally reveal; be evidence of.
‘she drew a deep breath that betrayed her indignation’
myth
━ n. 神話; 作り話; （一般に広まった）誤った信念; 架空の人［物］. myth・ic, myth・i・cal() ━━ a. 神話［架空］の.