crucible, stand-in, fill in, gratin, casserole. Bathscaphe

Investors, bosses and consumers seem more optimistic—though cautious. "We are hoping for the best," says the boss of an education provider, "but we are planning for the worst"

With Michel Temer in charge, confidence in Brazil's economy is growing

The stand-in leader has restored a little optimism

ECONOMIST.COM

Recipes for Health

Vegetable Casseroles for Frigid Nights

By MARTHA ROSE SHULMAN

Winter vegetables are perfect for bubbly, comforting gratins and other baked casseroles.

《玻璃的世界》2004
不可不看一下的人類社會學學者的 網站：http://www.AlanMacFarlane.com 裡面，有許多影片摘要、訪談等等。譬如說《玻璃的世界》 (北京：商務 ，2003) The Glass Bathscaphe: How Glass Changed the World (2002) (with Gerry Martin)。
他的論點之一說：西方的科學革命獨特 點是他們懂得用glass，

來作出種種精密儀器。這種假說很特別，我認為這成立不成立，是無法驗證的，然而何妨「百說俱陳」，或 許歷史的想像就是很美的研究前提。
這書名The Glass Bathyscaphe: Glass and World History有一奇怪字，即，BATHYSCAPHE. (Pronunciation: 'bathi`skeyf. Matching Terms: bathyscaph. WordNet Dictionary.) ，意思是：到深海之中駕"玻璃船"探討 (Definition: [n] navigable deep diving vessel for underwater exploration. Synonyms: bathyscape, bathyscaph.) 又，有人撰書評說，這方面的著作，有更全面的： Robert Temple's excellent book, THE CRYSTAL SUN deals with the development and use of lenses in antiquity in a more complete manner.

台灣未來的產業前途與高級玻璃LCD電視等息息相關……我是懷念竹北Philips的玻璃廠製造的 TV CRT中的兩大玻璃組件screens和cones（我一直在幻想：玻璃原料經高榙而下的數周煉成經過，那是我的煉丹經驗；雖然我不懂 細節，總工程師何先生說，我教的實驗計畫和統計方法，肯定對他們有助益……）， 以及如何在上面塗佈化學螢光劑，加上精密複雜的masks等等。

The Crucible: Arthur Miller play that used the Salem witch trials as a stand-in for McCarthyism premiered on Broadway; after a rocky start, it became a classic (1953)

The University of Chicago

ICYMI: In The Wall Street Journal op-ed, President Robert J. Zimmer on the importance of freedom of expression and ‘the unfettered exchange of ideas’

Free Speech Is the Basis of a True Education

University of Chicago President Robert J. Zimmer writes that a university should not be a sanctuary for comfort but rather a crucible for confronting ideas.

WSJ.COM|由 ROBERT J. ZIMMER 上傳

stand in
 phrasal verb (US USUALLY fill in)
to do the job that another person was going to do or usually does, or to take their place at an event, because they cannot be there:
Paula stood in for Jane, while Jane was on holiday.

stand-in
noun [C]
a person who takes the place or does the job of another person for a short time, for example because the other person is ill or on holiday:
The lecturer didn't turn up, so we had to find a stand-in.


casserole

[名]

1 蒸し焼きなべ, キャセロール；((主に英))シチューなべ.

2 [C][U]蒸し焼きなべ料理.

3 《化学》カセロール：実験用柄(え)つき蒸発皿.

━━[動](他)…を蒸し焼きなべで焼く［料理する］.

n.

1. 1. A dish, usually of earthenware, glass, or cast iron, in which food is both baked and served.
   2. Food prepared and served in such a dish.
2. Chemistry. A small-handled, deep porcelain crucible used for heating and evaporating.

[French, saucepan, diminutive of Old French casse, ladle, pan, from Old Provençal cassa, from Medieval Latin cattia, dipper, from Greek kuathion, diminutive of kuathos, ladle.]

gratin
(grät'n, grăt'n, gră-tăN')
n.
A top crust consisting of browned crumbs and butter, often with grated cheese.

[French, from obsolete grater, to scratch, scrape, from Old French. See grate¹.]

grate

[動](自)

1 （…と）（やかましく）こすれる, すれ合う；ギシギシ［ギリギリ, キーキー, ガリガリ］音を立てる, きしる((against, on, upon ...))

a knife grating against metal
金属をこすってギーギー音を出すナイフ.

2 （…にとって）不快な音を出す, かんにさわる((on, upon ...))

The screams grated on my nerves.
その金切り声が神経にさわった.

━━(他)

1 〈食材などを〉（おろし金で）下ろす

grate cheese
チーズを下ろす.

2 〈物を〉ギシギシ［ギリギリ, ガリガリ］こする, きしらせる；〈人を〉いらいらさせる, 〈人の〉感情を害する

grate the teeth
歯をきしらせる

grate the gears (of a car)
（車の）ギヤをきしませる.