Science
Researchers have reported that they can zap virtually any source of solid carbon, from food scraps to old car tires, and turn it into graphene—sheets of carbon atoms prized for applications ranging from high-strength plastic to flexible electronics.
Brief jolt converts almost any source of solid carbon into material behind high-strength plastic and flexible electronics
SCIENCEMAG.ORG
Electricity turns garbage into graphene
石墨烯（Graphene）是一種由碳原子以sp2混成軌域組成六角型呈蜂巢晶格的平面薄膜，只有一個碳原子厚度的二維材料[1]。石墨烯從前被認為是假設性的結構，無法單獨穩定存在[1]，直至2004年，英國曼徹斯特大學物理學家安德烈·海姆和康斯坦丁·諾沃肖洛夫，成功地在實驗中從石墨中分離出石墨烯，而證實它可以單獨存在，兩人也因「在二維石墨烯材料的開創性實驗」為由，共同獲得2010年諾貝爾物理學獎[2]。
石墨烯目前是世上最薄卻也是最堅硬的奈米材料[3]，它幾乎是完全透明的，只吸收2.3%的光[4]；導熱系數高達5300 W/m·K，高於奈米碳管和金剛石，常溫下其電子遷移率超過15000 cm2/V·s，又比奈米碳管或矽晶體（monocrystalline silicon）高，而電阻率只約10-6 Ω·cm，比銅或銀更低，為目前世上電阻率最小的材料[5][1]。由於它的電阻率極低，電子的移動速度極快，因此被期待可用來發展出更薄、導電速度更快的新一代電子元件或電晶體。石墨烯實質上是一種透明、良好的導體，也適合用來製造透明觸控螢幕、光板、甚至是太陽能電池。
Graphene is the thinnest solid ever known, indeed the thinnest possible: it is a sheet of linked carbon atoms just one atom thick. It is a great conductor of electricity and nearly transparent to visible light, but is impermeable to gases and liquids. It has so many surprising properties it has earned its discoverers a Nobel prize. The Economist explains the fuss about graphene http://econ.st/1JEX1pf
'The royal family still live like – well, the word, of course, is – kings. When the poorest Britons suffer under austerity, this is bitter. Where is their empathy? Why even type the words? Their significant act of charity seems to be to spend more on themselves as if, by osmosis, this cheers the rest' - via Comment is free
supplice punishment, torture
Suppliants, The (Gk. Hiketidğs, Lat. Supplicēs, ‘suppliants’ or ‘suppliant women’).
1. Greek tragedy by Aeschylus, of uncertain date, but in a year, possibly 463, in which Sophocles was also a competitor (the latter's first dramatic production was in 468). It was the first play of its trilogy; the others were Aegyptii (‘sons of Aegyptus’) and Danaidğs (‘daughters of Danaus’); the satyr-play was the Amymōnē.
The suppliants are the fifty daughters of Danaus who have fled from Egypt to avoid marriage with their cousins, the fifty sons of the usurping king Aegyptus. They have come with their father Danaus to Argos, with which they claim connection through their descent from Io, to ask for protection from their pursuers. The king of Argos hesitates and consults his people. These vote in favour of the suppliants, and the demand of the enemy herald for their surrender is rejected.
The role of the suppliants themselves is taken by the chorus, which thus becomes virtually the protagonist; it is not therefore inappropriate that choral lyrics occupy more than half the play. The reason for the suppliants' flight from marriage, not made unambiguously clear by Aeschylus, has been much debated, but inconclusively; it does not seem to be of importance to the poet or essential to the plot. The trilogy probably ended with the confirmation of marriage as a natural institution, exemplified by Hypermnestra's sparing of her husband.
2. Greek tragedy by Euripides produced probably c.422 BC; the goddess Athena's words at the end relate to an Argive alliance, actual or in view at the time of writing.
The Thebans have refused to allow the burial of the bodies of the Argive chieftains (the ‘Seven against Thebes’) who have unsuccessfully attacked the city, thus violating the sacred custom of the Greeks. The mothers of the chieftains (who form the chorus of suppliants from whom the play is named) have come with Adrastus, king of Argos, surviving leader of the expedition, to Eleusis in Attica and made supplication at the shrine of Demeter to Aethra, mother of Theseus, king of Athens. Theseus rejects the arrogant demand of the Theban herald for their surrender; he yields to the prayer of the suppliants and recovers the bodies for burial by force. Evadnē, widow of Capaneus, one of the chieftains, throws herself on his funeral pyre.
osmosis
n., pl., -ses (-sēz).
- Diffusion of fluid through a semipermeable membrane from a solution with a low solute concentration to a solution with a higher solute concentration until there is an equal concentration of fluid on both sides of the membrane.
- The tendency of fluids to diffuse in such a manner.
- A gradual, often unconscious process of assimilation or absorption: learned French by osmosis while residing in Paris for 15 years.
[From obsolete osmose, from earlier endosmose, from French : Greek endo-, endo- + Greek ōsmos, thrust, push (from ōthein, to push).]
osmotic os·mot'ic (-mŏt'ĭk) adj.
osmotically os·mot'i·cal·ly adv.
- osmosisの慣用句
- by osmosis, （全1件）
[名][U]《化学》浸透（性）.
by ［through］ osmosis
(1) 浸透によって.(2) （知識などを）いつの間にか身につけて.
 | |
| Cycas rumphii with old and new male cones. | |
| Scientific classification | |
|---|---|
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Cycadophyta |
| Class: | Cycadopsida |
| Order: | Cycadales
Dumortier |
| Families | |
| Cycadaceae cycas family
Stangeriaceae stangeria family Zamiaceae zamia family | |
permeable
(pûr'mē-ə-bəl)
adj.
That can be permeated or penetrated, especially by liquids or gases: permeable membranes; rock that is permeable by water.
permeably per'me·a·bly adv.
Definition of impermeable in English:
adjective
Derivatives
Origin
Late 17th century: from French imperméable, or fromlate Latin impermeabilis, from in- 'not' + permeabilis(see permeable).
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