Industrial and pecuniary employments
71 货币经济与非货币经济 Pecuniary and Non-Pecuniary Economies
可以根據語源學，由許多字詞在農業時代與工業時代的不同意義，而看出社會的變遷（例如英文「傳播」broadcast本指用手撒種子；「金錢上的」pecuniary原意為「數牛」，源自拉丁文pecus「母牛」）。
pecuniary
(pĭ-kyū'nē-ĕr'ē)
adj.
- Of or relating to money: a pecuniary loss; pecuniary motives.
- Requiring payment of money: a pecuniary offense.
[Latin pecūniārius, from pecūnia, property, wealth.] from Sancrit? "head of cattle?)
| e·con·o·my (ĭ-kŏn'ə-mē) |
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- Careful, thrifty management of resources, such as money, materials, or labor: learned to practice economy in making out the household budget.
- An example or result of such management; a saving.
- The system or range of economic activity in a country, region, or community: Effects of inflation were felt at every level of the economy.
- A specific type of economic system: an industrial economy; a planned economy.
- An orderly, functional arrangement of parts; an organized system: “the sense that there is a moral economy in the world, that good is rewarded and evil is punished” (George F. Will).
- Efficient, sparing, or conservative use: wrote with an economy of language.
- The least expensive class of accommodations, especially on an airplane.
- Theology. The method of God's government of and activity within the world.
Economical or inexpensive to buy or use: an economy car; an economy motel.
[Middle English yconomye, management of a household, from Latin oeconomia, from Greek oikonomiā, from oikonomos, manager of a household : oikos, house + nemein, to allot, manage.]
WORD HISTORY Managing an economy has at least an etymological justification. The word economy can be traced back to the Greek word oikonomos, “one who manages a household,” derived from oikos, “house,” and nemein, “to manage.” From oikonomos was derived oikonomiā, which had not only the sense “management of a household or family” but also senses such as “thrift,” “direction,” “administration,” “arrangement,” and “public revenue of a state.” The first recorded sense of our word economy, found in a work possibly composed in 1440, is “the management of economic affairs,” in this case, of a monastery. Economy is later recorded in other senses shared by oikonomiā in Greek, including “thrift” and “administration.” What is probably our most frequently used current sense, “the economic system of a country or an area,” seems not to have developed until the 19th or 20th century.
《毛主席語錄》，到處橫行，及至四方邊疆。所有的出版物，卷首都以特大字體標上《毛主席語錄》中的一節。無論是研究還是作品，全都從雜誌上消失了，只有口號氾濫。在這強烈的喧囂中，到底發生了什麼事？從外部是沒有辦法瞭解的。很多書籍都被焚燒了。有報導說，郭沫若院長像拋棄紙屑一樣地在整體上做自我批判，批判自己那出色的古代研究。這些都挑起了我們的不安。一定有什麼事情，一定發生了什麼異常。那東西大概就是不分區別地能夠燒盡一切事物的nomos性的巨大力量。在這當間，主席的盟友、被公開指名為後繼的林彪，因暗殺毛主席失敗而垮臺，並在逃亡北方途中墜機而死。內部的權利鬥爭好像是因為路線的相違。文革派與實權派的不和看來也不是很容易就能夠化解的。內外一切，nomos性的幻影籠罩著世界。大概孔子活著時的時代也是這樣的吧。哲人孔子是怎樣生活在他所在的那個社會中的？孔子是怎樣與那個力量鬥爭的？而且，孔子在現實中敗北，卻又成為百代之師，這又是為什麼呢？我想寫一部有關孔子的書。我想具體地把握孔子的姿態、孔子所在的社會和孔子的思想以及他人生中的生活方式。我是一個研究者，我想將這些原封不動地就策劃為一部精神史、一部思想史。為此，對於孔子周邊的事項，對於思想的系譜等，我都不加怠慢地予以了留意。
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