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Latest update from Assistant Chief of Police at #UCRiverside: "UCPD continues to monitor this situation. There have been numerous posts on social media related to the status of a campus closure and the cancellation of classes. There is still no known threat to the UC Riverside campus. There is no change in the status of access to campus and classes remain scheduled as normal." You can check this site for updates: http://campusstatus.ucr.edu/
The epigenetics of fat
Altered states
Limbering up does not just help shed fat. It also changes how fatty tissue works
Laura Bell of Cancer Research UK said: "This study gives us a fascinating glimpse of the future and the promise that the emerging field of epigenetics holds. But it's too early to say exactly how these particular changes might affect our ability to detect who is likely to develop certain types of cancer.
Dr James Flanagan, of Imperial College London, who led the new research, said: "We know that genetic variation contributes to a person's risk of disease.
"With this new study we can now also say that epigenetic variation, or differences in how genes are modified, also has a role.
"We hope that this research is just the beginning of our understanding about the epigenetic component of breast cancer risk and in the coming years we hope to find many more examples of genes that contribute to a person's risk.
What is epigenetics?
Generally speaking (and ignoring still-experimental technologies such as gene therapy), the genes an animal is born with are those it is stuck with. Collectively, those genes encode every protein the animal produces. One common analogy is that the genome is a bit like a recipe book, with the genes (and the proteins they encode) mixed together to create a complete organism. Skilled chefs, though, are able to vary the taste of a dish by choosing precisely what quantities of individual ingredients go into the pot, and that, more or less, is what epigenetic mechanisms do. By adding specific chemicals to parts of the DNA, or by controlling how the DNA is packaged, an organism can adjust the degree to which particular genes are turned into proteins (the extent to which they are "expressed", in the jargon).
That ability to tinker with the genome is one way in which different types of cell within an organism can specialise, allowing liver, nerve and bone cells to be created from the same genetic blueprint. It also allows organisms to react to changes in circumstance—as happens when fat cells alter the way in which they express their genomes in response to exercise. But what has really made biologists sit up and take note is evidence that epigenetic states can be passed on to an animal's offspring. This provides a mechanism over and above the passing on of genes—hence the prefix "epi" (Greek for over or above)—by which traits can be transferred from one generation to the next. Stressed rats, for instance, produce anxious pups, and those pups remain anxious even when handed off to unstressed mothers in soothing environments. A landmark study in Sweden discovered that a grandparent's experience of either famine or plenty had implications for the lifespan of the next generation—and the one after that, too. The grandparents' genes, in other words, had been "reprogrammed", either by hardship or luxury, and the reprogramming was transmitted along with the genes down two further generations.
The discovery that acquired characteristics can be inherited too is big news. For most of the 20th century, biology held that genes were the sole mechanism of inheritance, and that changes in genes occured only through the random walk of mutation and the relentless sieve of natural selection. Readers who remember their scientific history may by this point be thinking of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, a 19th-century biologist who held that traits acquired by animals during their lives could be passed down to their descendants. Epigenetic mechanisms do not, however, permanently alter the DNA sequence itself, and even those epigenetic changes which are inherited seem subsequently reversible. But the idea that acquired characteristics can be inherited at all is still an important and novel one, the implications of which are still being teased out by researchers.
(Picture credit: Christoph Bock/Max Planck Institute for Informatics, via Wikimedia)
genome
Syllabification: (ge·nome)
Pronunciation: /ˈjēˌnōm/
Translate genome | into French | into German | into Italian noun
Biologyepi-
or ep-
pref.
- On; upon: epiphyte.
- Over; above: epicenter.
- Around: epicarp.
- Close to; near: epicalyx.
- Besides: epiphenomenon.
- After: epilogue.
[Greek, from epi, upon.]
genetic, -ical[ge・net・ic, -i・cal]
- 発音記号[dʒənétik, -ikəl]
[形]
1 《生物》遺伝(学)の;遺伝因子の[による]
2 発生[起源]の, 発生論上の.
a genetic map
遺伝子地図
遺伝子地図
a genetic marker
遺伝子標識
遺伝子標識
genetic screening
遺伝子スクリーニング(遺伝病の素質があるかどうかを調べるために遺伝子を検査すること)
遺伝子スクリーニング(遺伝病の素質があるかどうかを調べるために遺伝子を検査すること)
genetic parents
生みの[実(じつ)の]親
生みの[実(じつ)の]親
genetic pool [reservoir]
遺伝子給源.
遺伝子給源.
genotype
n.
- The genetic makeup, as distinguished from the physical appearance, of an organism or a group of organisms.
- The combination of alleles located on homologous chromosomes that determines a specific characteristic or trait.
genotypically gen'o·typ'i·cal·ly adv.
phe·no·type (fē'nə-tīp')
n.
- The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences.
- The expression of a specific trait, such as stature or blood type, based on genetic and environmental influences.
- An individual or group of organisms exhibiting a particular phenotype.
phenotypically phe'no·typ'i·cal·ly adv.
phè・no・týp・ic, phè・no・týp・i・cal
limber1
Syllabification: (lim·ber)
Pronunciation: /ˈlimbər/
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