Dharma Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
Dharma (/ˈdɑːrmə/;[7] Sanskrit: धर्म, romanized: dharma, pronounced [dʱɐrmɐ] (
listen); Pali: dhamma) is a key concept with multiple meanings in Indian religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and others.[8] Although there is no direct single-word translation for dharma in European languages,[9] it is commonly translated as "righteousness", "merit" or "religious and moral duties" governing individual conduct.[10][11]
In Hinduism, dharma is one of the four components of the Puruṣārtha, the aims of life, and signifies behaviours that are considered to be in accord with Ṛta, the order that makes life and universe possible.[12][note 1] It includes duties, rights, laws, conduct, virtues and "right way of living".[13] It had a transtemporal validity.[14]
In Buddhism, dharma means "cosmic law and order",[12][15] as expressed by the teachings of the Buddha.[12][15] In Buddhist philosophy, dhamma/dharma is also the term for "phenomena".[16][note 2]
Dharma in Jainism refers to the teachings of Tirthankara (Jina)[12] and the body of doctrine pertaining to the purification and moral transformation of human beings.
In Sikhism, dharma means the path of righteousness and proper religious practice and one's own moral duties toward God.[17]
The concept of dharma was already in use in the historical Vedic religion, and its meaning and conceptual scope have evolved over several millennia.[18] The ancient Tamil moral text Tirukkuṟaḷ, despite being a collection of aphoristic teachings on dharma (aram), artha (porul), and kama (inpam),[19]: 453 [20]: 82 is completely and exclusively based on aṟam, the Tamil term for dharma.[21]: 55 As with the other components of the Puruṣārtha, the concept of dharma is pan-Indian. The antonym of dharma is adharma.
"But all I want is 'enry 'iggins 'ead!"
法（梵語：धर्म，dharma，巴利語：धम्म，dhamma），音譯為達摩，是在印度的哲學和宗教中極其重要的一個含義多變的術語。
在傳統印度社會中，法在歷史上已經指稱了各種思想，比如吠陀儀式，道德指導、種姓制度和民法與刑法。它的最常用含義附屬著兩個基本思想: 社會生活應當通過良好定義或良好調控的等級（varna）來組織，而在某等級內的個人的生活應當組織成確定的階段（ashrama，參見 dharmasastra）。[1]
依據各種印度宗教，比如印度教、佛教、耆那教和錫克教，如法生活的人更快趨向解脫（dharma yukam, moksha 或 nirvana）。而不如法（adharma）意味著不和諧、不道德或錯誤。
佛教創始人佛陀及耆那教創始人大雄的教導和學說，也使用法這個術語。在佛教哲學中，法還是含義為現象的術語。[2]
語源[編輯]
法的梵語字根來自dhr-，意思為保持、支撐，並且和拉丁語表示堅固、穩定的詞彙firmus相關[3]，由此得來「既定、公認的慣例」以及「律法」的意思。其源自古老的吠陀梵語（梨俱吠陀等），拼法為帶有n-詞幹的dharman-，字面意思為承擔者、支撐者，而這是指吠陀宗教中的重要概念──ṛta（/ˈrɪtə/; 梵語 ऋत ṛta，秩序、規則、真理）的面向而言[4]。阿維斯陀語中表示真實、正確、秩序的詞彙aṣ̌a（𐬀𐬴𐬀）為ṛta的同源詞，在古波斯語中拼作arta（𐎠𐎼𐎫）。
在古典梵語和最晚成立的吠陀書──阿闥婆吠陀，其拼法是dharma。而在普拉克里特諸語言（古印度俗語）和巴利語中的拼法則是dhamma。在阿育王詔書的古石刻文書坎達哈雙語岩石銘文中，用古希臘語的eusebeia（εὐσέβεια，虔誠、靈性的成熟、恭敬神明）和亞蘭語的qšyṭʾ（קשיטא，真理、真實），來翻譯印度的宗教哲學詞彙──法[5][6]。
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