2022年3月13日 星期日

atomizer, substance, substantive, substantive negotiations, Substantivism


The fall came as a U.S. official said Russia was showing signs it might be willing to have substantive negotiations over Ukraine.




at·om·iz·er (ăt'ə-mī'zər) pronunciation n.

A device for converting a substance, especially a perfume or medicine, to a fine spray.

atomizer n. - 噴霧器, 香水噴瓶

日本語 (Japanese) n. - 噴霧器, スプレー

substantive[sub・stan・tive]

  • 発音記号[sʌ'bstəntiv]
[名]《文法》
1 名詞；((古))名詞相当語句.
2 実詞：ラテン語などで名詞と形容詞をまとめた名称.
━━[形]
1 《文法》 (1) 名詞の, 名詞的な. (2) 〈動詞が〉存在を表す.
2 独立［自立］の.
3 ((限定))((形式))実質［本質］的な；現実の.
4 かなり（多く）の.
5 《法律》実体法の（⇔adjective）.
6 〈染料が〉直接に染まる.
sub・stan・tive・ly
[副]
sub・stan・tive・ness

Substantivism is a position, first proposed by Karl Polanyi in his work The Great Transformation, which argues that the term 'economics' has two meanings. The formal meaning, used by today's neoclassical economists, refers to economics as the logic of rational action and decision-making, as rational choice between the alternative uses of limited (scarce) means, as 'economising,' 'maximizing,' or 'optimizing.' [1]

The second, substantive meaning presupposes neither rational decision-making nor conditions of scarcity. It refers to how humans make a living interacting within their social and natural environments. A society's livelihood strategy is seen as an adaptation to its environment and material conditions, a process which may or may not involve utility maximisation. The substantive meaning of 'economics' is seen in the broader sense of 'provisioning.' Economics is the way society meets material needs.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b Polanyi, Karl. (1944) The Great Transformation: the Political and Economic Origins of Our Time, Farrar and Rinehart, New York
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