#Japan approves #remdesivir for COVID-19 treatment in expedited review
What the country has seen of his leadership style so far evokes the discipline of George W. Bush and the curiosity of Bill Clinton. Mr. Obama is not shy about making decisions and making them expeditiously — he assembled his team in record time — but he has also sought to tap into the nation’s intellectual dialogue at a time of great ferment.
Despite the enormous figure, however, both Wachovia and Wells Fargo said their impending deal, originally valued at about $15 billion, would proceed.
Separately, The Federal Reserve Board on Tuesday said emergency conditions warranted its expedited action to approve the merger.
Former President Clinton Announces New Agreements to Lower Prices and Ensure New Supply of Malaria Drugs
Price Reduction of More Than 30% for a Leading Malaria Drug Combination
Agreements with Six Suppliers Reduce Volatility of Key Raw Material Price by 70%
Former President Bill Clinton today, joined by the UN Special Envoy on Malaria and the Chairman and CEO of Novartis, announced agreements with six companies - Calyx, Cipla, Holleypharm, Ipca Laboratories, Mangalam Drugs and PIDI Standard - that lower the price of a leading artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for malaria by 30 percent and reduce the price volatility of artmesinin, the key raw material for this and other ACTs, by 70 percent.Up to 500 million people around the globe need malaria treatment each year. Today's agreements make prices for malaria drugs more affordable and sustainable to help meet growing global demand. The prices will be available to the 69 countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean that make up the Clinton HIV/AIDS Initiative (CHAI) purchasing consortium.
"Nearly every life lost to malaria could have been saved with access to effective medicines," President Clinton said. "My Foundation has helped organize markets for HIV/AIDS drugs, and I am proud that we have been able to extend this model to malaria. Today's announcement is an important step forward in global efforts to increase access to affordable and effective malaria treatment, and I applaud the commitments of these companies to lower volatility in this market and offer low and sustainable prices that will save more lives."
The scale up of ACT access has been challenged by significant volatility in the artemisinin market. Beginning in 2004, a rapid but uneven increase in ACT demand led to the price of artemesinin fluctuating by more than 700 percent. Novartis, the dominant ACT supplier to date, absorbed much of the financial impact, shielding patients from higher prices which would have decreased access. However, acting alone Novartis cannot meet increased future demand across the globe. Today's agreements will help to mitigate risk so new suppliers can enter the market.
Under the agreements negotiated by CHAI, Ipca and Cipla (both based in Mumbai, India) will offer a co-blister formulation of artesunate+amodiaquine (AS+AQ)-one of the most widely used ACTs-at or below an average ceiling price of 48 cents per treatment, a reduction of more than 30 percent from current market rates. They also will offer artemether-lumafantrine, the other most common ACT, at or below an average ceiling price of 91 cents, the current price available from Novartis. Among the other manufacturers party to the agreements, Calyx (Mumbai) and Mangalam Drugs (Mumbai) are active ingredient suppliers, and Holleypharm (Chongqing) and PIDI Standard (Guangzhou) are suppliers of the raw material, artemisinin.
"I come from a family of farmers and know first-hand about both agricultural production and pharmaceutical production," said Premchand Godha, Managing Director of Ipca. "Poor planning, bad weather, and other factors can dramatically influence price and cause volatility. We appreciate the Clinton Foundation's holistic approach to reducing that volatility and making lower drug prices sustainable in the long term."
"Since 2001, Novartis has supplied more than 180 million treatments of Coartem® to malaria-endemic countries," said Daniel Vasella, Chairman and CEO of Novartis. "We know first-hand addressing the health problems of the developing world is challenging and no single player can be successful. To make a meaningful and sustainable impact for patients, governments, international institutions, industry, and civil society must join forces."
CHAI has taken several additional steps to ensure a sustainable supply of ACTs. In June, CHAI published a global ACT demand forecast to improve the predictability of demand and enable suppliers to make informed production planning decisions. CHAI also has provided extensive technical assistance to partner ACT manufacturers to expedite regulatory approval. As the Global Fund, UNITAID, and the U.S. President's Malaria Initiative increase funding for ACTs, this support will help expand the set of high-quality suppliers able to meet growing demand.
In addition to their price commitments, Ipca and Cipla have also agreed to pursue rapid development and regulatory approval of a fixed-dose combination for AS+AQ, which is not yet available from any supplier approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) but is preferable to the co-blister formulation.
CHAI is committed to ensuring that its agreements offer high-quality products at sustainable prices, and these products meet the quality assurance standards of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria. Ipca's AS+AQ formulation has been approved by the WHO. All other formulations included in the agreement have been submitted for review with data establishing bioequivalence, based on studies conducted by contact research organizations that have been successfully audited by the WHO or a stringent regulatory authority. In many countries, half or more of all malaria patients buy their drugs from local shops, where ACT prices include distribution mark-ups and are too expensive despite the low prices offered by manufacturers. To help ensure these low prices are translated to access for everyone who needs ACTs, CHAI has piloted the use of subsidies to lower prices in these shops. This pilot has had rapid impact, decreasing retail prices from $10 to 50 cents and increasing ACT access among children by 60-fold. CHAI now is helping Tanzania and other countries take this model to scale.
Download a Q&A on ACT Treatment for Malaria
BBC 克林頓斡旋 中印藥廠抗瘧藥降價
Faculty members are scheduled to vote on a measure that would permit Harvard to distribute their scholarship online, instead of signing exclusive agreements with scholarly journals that often have tiny readerships and high subscription costs.
faculty
fac・ul・ty
━━ n. 能力, 才能, 技能; 権限; （身体的）機能; 〔米〕 ((単複両扱い)) 教授団［陣］, 全教職員; （時にF-） （大学）学部.
scholar noun [C] ━━ n. 学者; 学問のある人; 学生; 奨学生.
1 a person who studies a subject in great detail, especially at a university:
a classics/history scholar
Dr Miles was a distinguished scholar of Russian history.
2 INFORMAL someone who is clever or good at learning by studying:
David's never been much of a scholar.
scholarly
adjective━━ a., ad. 学者らしい［く］; 学問好きな; 学問的な; 学識のある.
1 containing a serious detailed study of a subject:
a scholarly article/book/work/journal
2 describes someone who studies a lot and knows a lot about what they study:
a scholarly young woman
scholarship
noun━━ n. 学問, 学識; 奨学金; 奨学生の資格.
1 [U] serious, detailed study:
a work of great scholarship
2 [C] an amount of money given by a school, college, university or other organization to pay for the studies of a person with great ability but little money:獎學金
He got/won a scholarship to Eton.
Paula went to the Royal College of Music on a scholarship.
《惡有惡報》（Measure for Measure）兩處
2004/08 舊文
讀梁實秋翻譯莎士比亞《惡有惡報》（Measure for Measure）兩處：此譯本的 注解說明莎士比亞時代的婚姻法律制度（第一幕第三景：「她確實是我妻……」），這對於讀者的了解有幫助。*雖然梁實秋先生注釋中還是將 technically speaking 直譯為「所以，從技術方面講，…….」（遠東本，第24頁。）
錢定平《科學如此多嬌—科學和科學家的詩魂》上海教育出版社，2004，pp.170-71 引 W. EMPSON 的《矇矓的七種類型》--其中說明《惡有惡報》（Measure for Measure）第一幕第二景:
In her youth
There is a prone and speechless dialect
Such as move men.
其 中 prone有正反義：「不活躍、俯伏」；「活躍、傾向於」。不過，朱生豪（「因為她的青春的魅力裡有一種無言的辯才，可以使男子為之動心。」）、梁實 秋（「因為在她的青春之中有一股無言的表情，可以使男子傾倒。」）、坪內逍遙等名家，都「有意無意沒有譯出來…….『盛名之下，其實難副』……」。
這說法，純粹為了"拉人下馬"的說法，其實，就當時語境、情境，都不太可能有「非分之想」（開黃腔）。
我比較贊成 此處prone的意思為’’ submissive, vulnerable, docile” “eager, ready’。（Shakespeare’s WORDS: A Glossary & Language Companion by David Crystsal and Ben Crystal, p.349。 同書對 dialect的說法為’language, manner of speech’，它舉的例子與上述同處。所以，梁實秋的「表情」比朱的好。）
不過，讀一下《矇矓的七種類型》（ Seven Types of Ambiguity ，周邦憲等翻譯，中國美術學院出版社，1996。這翻譯本還不錯，不過此處微妙無法表達，所以我抄原文。）對於此處的完整說法，會更有啟示。
Speechless will not give away whether she is shy or sly, and dialect has abandoned the efforts to distinguish between them. The last half line makes its points calmly, with an air of knowing such cases; and indeed, I feel very indelicate in explaining Claudio’s meaning. (p.202)
附 hc：請注意 sly的說法 第一義：Dexterous in performing an action, so as to escape notice; nimble; skillful; cautious; shrewd; knowing; -- in a good sense.
次義：Artfully cunning; secretly mischievous; wily.）。slyness
prone (LYING DOWN)
adjective FORMAL
lying on the front with the face down:
The photograph showed a man lying prone on the pavement, a puddle of blood about his head.prone (TENDING)
adjective
be prone to sth/do sth tending to suffer from an illness or show a particular negative characteristic:
I've always been prone to headaches.
He was prone to depressions even as a teenager.
She's prone to exaggerate, that's for sure.
-prone
suffix
accident-prone (= often having accidents)
injury-prone (= often getting injuries)adj. - 有...傾向的, 易於...的, 傾斜的, 俯臥的, 面向下的, 陡的
adv. - 傾斜地
adj. - 傾向がある, うつむいた, 傾斜した, 下り坂の
combineverb
1 [I or T] to (cause to) exist together, or join together to make a single thing or group:
None of us has much money so let's combine what we've got.
Sickness, combined with (= together with) terrible weather, contrived to ruin the trip.
The two countries combined against their common enemy.
[+ to infinitive] These normally harmless substances combine to form a highly poisonous gas.
2 [T] If someone combines two or more qualities, they possess both of those qualities:
As a writer, he combined wit and/with passion.
3 [T] to do two activities at the same time:
She manages to successfully combine family life and/with a career.
combine
group noun [C]
a group of people or organizations acting together in business:
They had earlier that year established a newspaper combine.
combination
noun
1 [C or U] a mixture obtained when two or more things are combined:
Strawberries and cream - a perfect combination.
A combination of tiredness and boredom caused me to fall asleep.
This drug can be safely used in combination with other medicines.
Her experience and energy are a winning combination (= a successful mixture) in business.
2 [C] SPECIALIZED an arrangement in a different order:
From the letters X Y Z, we can get three combinations of two letters: XY, XZ, and YZ.
3 [C] a set of letters or numbers in a particular order which can be used to open some types of locks:
a combination lock
verb [T] FORMAL
to cause to be done more quickly; to hurry:
Something needs to be done to expedite the process.
expedition Show phonetics
noun [U] FORMAL
speed in doing something:
We will deal with your order with the greatest possible expedition.
expeditious Show phonetics
adjective FORMAL
quick:
The bank was expeditious in replying to my letter.
ex・pe・dite
━━ vt. 促進する, 早める; 手早くすます.
ex・pe・dit・er ━━ n. 原料（供給）係; 公報（発表）係; （工事）促進係.
ex・pe・dit・er ━━ n. 原料（供給）係; 公報（発表）係; （工事）促進係.ex・pe・di・tious
noun [U] LITERARY
a state of confusion, change, and lack of order or fighting:
The resignation of the president has left the country in ferment.
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