2025年2月3日 星期一

Snowman. 雪人figurine, discriminating, user-friendly/user-hostile.雪達摩歌川廣景的《江戶名所道戯盡 廿二 御藏前的雪》(1859年)


動態消息貼文

今年春節到日本旅遊的朋友,應該有不少人遇到大雪,講到大雪就不能不提雪人。可是早期日本與歐州的雪人長得不太一樣。日本人用一顆雪球堆疊一座雪人,但是歐洲的雪人曾經有腳,用了三顆雪球堆疊,都跟現在的雪人造型不太一樣。
在江戶時代的日本,雪人是單顆巨大的雪球,形象如同祈求勝利的吉祥物「達摩」。
從江戶時代的浮世繪中,就有當時的雪人樣貌。歌川廣景的《江戶名所道戯盡 廿二 御藏前的雪》(1859年)便呈現了一個比人還高的巨大雪人,擁有圓潤的雙眼,身著袈裟,形象與達摩幾乎一致。當時的雪雕多以兔子或獅子等動物為主,而「雪達摩」的出現則始於19世紀,並且由葛飾北齋、歌川國芳等著名畫師描繪。
至於為何江戶時代的雪人是單體而非如今的雙層形態,專家推測與「不倒翁」的流行有關。達摩大師被視為中國禪宗的開祖,江戶時代出現了一款以其打坐姿態為原型的「不倒翁」玩具,象徵堅韌不拔、驅邪避災。這款以紅色紙糊製成、倒下後能自動站立的玩具大受歡迎,孩子們便仿效其外型,用雪堆砌出類似的「雪達摩」。
「雪達摩」一詞的出現可追溯至江戶時代前期,隨著浮世繪藝術的發展,這一題材逐漸成為畫作主題之一。《日本兒童遊戲圖鑑》亦提及,「雪達摩成為孩童遊戲的一部分,推測最早起源於江戶時代」。
江戶時代剛好遇到全球氣溫下降的「小冰期」,東京的積雪量比現在更多。專家指出,浮世繪中的冬季景象顯示,當時人們製作雪達摩的機會遠超今日。到了明治時期,仍能見到傳統的單層雪達摩,但進入昭和時代後,雙層堆疊的現代雪人形象開始普及。關於這種變化的原因,專家推測,或許人們發現「滾動小雪球讓其越滾越大」更有趣,因此逐漸發展出以兩顆雪球堆砌雪人的玩法。
與日本不同,歐美的雪人通常為三層結構,被稱為「雪人(Snowman)」。例如,英國繪本作家雷蒙・布力格斯(Raymond Briggs)筆下的《雪人》形象,更接近人類,甚至能自由行動,歐洲最早的雪人視覺資料可追溯至14世紀末的《時禱書》。
相較於日本,歐洲降下大量積雪的地區較少,且雪質較鬆散、不易結塊,因此堆雪人的習慣未如日本那麼普及,也較少成為繪畫題材。
至於當今日本,受到全球暖化影響,降雪量整體呈現減少趨勢,但「突發性暴雪」的頻率有所增加。此外,專家指出,日本部分地區的雪質正在變化,較為濕潤的「黏雪」比例上升,這種雪更適合製作雪人。因此,有研究人員推測:「日本可能是全世界最適合堆雪人的國家。」
資料來源:日經新聞
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Have some dignity.
Another day, another rumor that Apple is going to ditch the headphone jack…
THEVERGE.COM|作者:NILAY PATEL

 SHOPPING

The Greening of Office Life

Compared to Pit Green, an indestructible cubicle golf game, that basketball hoop tacked to the wall of your office is mere child’s play. In a feat of clever design and ingenuity, the German company Rutan came up with an inspired time-waster: a “high-precision micro golf” set made of tough glass fiber that includes “pebble-sized balls, clubs the length of toothpicks, a hexagonal putting green and a five-inch figurine,” writes Brendan I. Koerner. At 69 euros (about $94) for the basic version, it’s a bit steep, but you never know what can be written off as an “expense” until you try.



Academia's big guns fight 'Google effect'


Academic search engines may be more discriminating than their commercial counterparts, but they often lack user-friendliness



big fish/gun/noise (US big shot/wheel) INFORMALa person who has an important or powerful position in a group or organization:She's a big gun in city politics.He's a big shot in advertising.

discriminate was found in the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary at the entries listed below.
discriminate (TREAT DIFFERENTLY)
discriminate (SEE A DIFFERENCE)

user-friendly Show phonetics
adjectiveIf something, especially something related to a computer, is user-friendly, it is simple for people to use:a user-friendly interface/printera user-friendly instruction manual

user-friendliness Show phoneticsnoun [U]
Wendy Wallace
EducationGuardian.co.uk


A digital treasure trove of information is out there for the taking, but only if students have a means of discovering the way to find it - a search engine that is both academic and user-friendly.

Scores of academic search engines provide a heavyweight alternative to the commercial ones and work against what Brighton University's professor of media- Tara Brabazon has termed "the Google effect" - a tendency towards mediocrity.

The challenge they face is to make themselves sufficiently user-friendly to attract and retain a generation of students reared on commercial search engines.

The Joint Information Systems Committee (Jisc) funds several. The Archives Hub provides descriptions of archive collections from 140 UK universities and colleges; the Copac academic and national library catalogue offers access to the catalogues of 24 university libraries, plus the national libraries, and can indicate the availability of books. Jstor is a comprehensive collection of archived journals; and Zetoc, the British Library catalogue, gives details of its 20,000 current journals as well as offering some 16,000 conference proceedings per year and an email alert service.

Intute, part of the Mimas national data centre at Manchester University, is an interesting service that has tried to address students' lack of information literacy by providing access to a quality controlled set of free resources and virtual training courses - a kind of training lane in the information highway. Begun in 2006, it has recently launched a new UK university research papers service.

The host website is getting 2m searches a month, says director Caroline Williams. "Commercial search engines are not discriminating. We tackle that by making sure our information is of sufficient quality for academic work. Whatever you're studying, you can come to one place and find what you need."

Intute, which is also Jisc-funded, is now looking at how it can make itself commercially viable.

Edina, the UK's other national data centre, based at Edinburgh University, both hosts data - scholarly publications, documentary films, and images and maps - and is easier to use. Edina's forte is in adding value to information and finding new ways of using it - its "digimap" service was a world first, says director Peter Burnhill.

Some sites are discipline-specific. Cornell University's well-regarded science site, arXiv, contains an extensive collection of quality-controlled papers on physics, maths and computer science. Eric is a free index of subscription articles on education, sponsored by the US department of education.

There is, increasingly, a crossover between the academic and commercial worlds. Google's Google Scholar site is welcomed by some academics as a pragmatic option for students already loyal to the brand. Google Scholar is "a tremendously valuable tool", says Sheffield University's Sheila Webber. Its international dimension is commended by Tara Brabazon, although results can be too broad . The "advanced search" option discriminates better.

Publishers online

Academic publishers are launching their own online journals sites. Blackwells, for example, publishes 850 journals on the web in disciplines ranging from business to veterinary medicine. Oxford University Press has created Oxford Scholarship online, providing access by subscription to its titles. Meanwhile, Bloomsbury is behind Bloomsbury Magazine, a database of its own reference books, a rich source of material on myth, art and literature.

University libraries' online catalogues have been criticised for being non-intuitive and difficult to navigate. UCL's Ian Rowlands says they have much to learn from supermarkets about setting out their contents in accessible and logical ways. "Stores are laid out by type - fresh fruit, wines, cheese. Library catalogues offer jars, cartons, loose stuff," he says, referring to the way material is grouped according to its form rather than its content.

But library computer software is not a mass market proposition, says Webber, and so its development has not attracted the same commercial interest. "Librarians do what they can to make links easier for students but it's a little bit clunky."

Those working on making high quality information accessible to students recognise they have lessons to learn from sites like Amazon - where people will be invited to look inside books, offered reader reviews and informed of what other people with similar interests have bought, as well as being notified of new publications in areas where they have shown interest.

Caroline Williams, of Intute, describes this process as "aggregated personalisation ... These are the things we're testing out behind the scenes."

Weblinks

Archives Hub:
www.archiveshub.ac.uk


ArXiv:
www.arxiv.org


Blackwell:
www.blackwell-synergy.com


Bloomsbury magazine:
www.bloomsbury magazine.com/arc/arc_home_asp


Copac:
www.copac.ac.uk


Edina:
www.edina.ac.uk


Google Scholar:
www.scholar.google.co.uk


Intute:
www.intute.ac.uk


Jstor:
www.uk.jstor.org


Oxford University Press:
www.oxfordscholarship.com


RIC:
www.eric.ed.gov

figurine 
noun [C] n. 小像.
a small model of a human, usually made of clay or porcelain


The Home Depot Recalls Holiday Figurines Due to Lead Paint Hazard

WASHINGTON, D.C. - The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, in cooperation with the firm named below, today announced a voluntary recall of the following consumer product. Consumers should stop using recalled products immediately unless otherwise instructed.
Name of Product: Holiday Figurines
Units: About 64,000
Importer: The Home Depot, of Atlanta, Ga.
Manufacturer: Creative Design, of Hong Kong
Hazard: Surface paint on the holiday figurines contains lead.
Incidents/Injuries: None reported.

Description: The recalled holiday figurines are painted plastic snowmen and bears. The SKU number is printed on the bottom of the product.
ProductSizeSKU Number
Holiday Bear Door Greeter17” x 16”894-825
Snowman with “Let it Snow” SignTabletop item894-893
Three Snowmen with “Joy” Sign13” x 17”898-964
Snowman Votive Holder7.5” x 7.5”967-467
Manufactured in: China
Sold exclusively at: The Home Depot stores from October 2007 through November 2007 for between $10 and $20.
Remedy: Consumers should immediately stop using the holiday figurines and return them to any Home Depot store for a full refund.
Consumer Contact: For additional information, contact The Home Depot at (800) 394-2064 or visit the firm’s Web site at www.homedepot.com
Picture of Recalled Figurine Picture of Recalled Figurine

Picture of Recalled Figurine Picture of Recalled Figurine



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