bronchus, Big Dig, arteries, sclerotic, multiple sclerosis, trachea , Heimlich maneuver

  Abe seems to recognize that Japan has been squandering its greatest foreign-policy asset — its democracy. Building a foreign policy around promoting democracy — and the rights essential to it — will require overcoming the sclerotic perspective of the foreign ministry mandarins. The response to Japan’s North Korea initiative shows that much of the world will welcome Tokyo assuming such a leadership role. John Kerry should encourage that.看來安倍意識到日本沒有利用好它最強的外交財富——民主。以促進民主進程及其包含的基本權利為核心，構建外交政策，首先需要克服的是外務省官僚的僵 化思維。日本此次就朝鮮問題發起倡議所得到的反響表明，很多國家是樂見東京擔負起這方面的領導職責的。約翰·克里應該對此加以鼓勵。

 

Big Dig - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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The Central Artery/Tunnel Project (CA/T), known unofficially as the Big Dig since completion, was a megaproject in Boston that rerouted the Central Artery ...

It may also sully its image — promoted to its own people as well as to the international community — as an authoritarian country that is economically on the move, perhaps even more so than the sclerotic, democratic West.



Dear Health-Conscious Friend,

Starting as early as age 10, you start to accumulate small deposits of cholesterol and fat molecules in your arteries that look like thin streams of fat...
A drug developed to fight leukemia appears to stop multiple sclerosis in its early stages and restore lost function to patients,
一種原本用於治療白血病的藥物成為治療多發性硬化症的新武器。
科學家說，在一些反復發作型患者身上，這種藥物似乎能阻止疾病的發展，甚至能逆轉疾病所造成的損傷。
多發性硬化症造成包圍中央神經系統的保護膜受損。
劍橋大學的研究小組在《新英格蘭醫療期刊》說，單克隆抗體類藥物"阿侖單抗"（Alemtuzumab）能使某些多發性硬化症早期患者受損的腦組織獲得修復。
不過，他們警告說，這種藥物可能有潛在的嚴重副作用。
研究人員說，這是第一種有可能阻止，甚至恢復這種疾病對肌體破壞的藥物。多發性硬化症能導致喪失視力和活動能力，甚至認知能力。
研究人員強調，他們的研究還只是在初步階段。
單克隆抗體類藥物"阿侖單抗"1970年代在劍橋創制，一直用於治療白血病（血癌），藥物的作用是殺死免疫系統內癌化了的白細胞。
在過去三年的研究中，對334名多發性硬化症病人的治療發現，這種藥物能減少疾病發作的次數，比傳統的干擾素b治療有效74%。
與干擾素b治療比較，阿侖單抗也能降低疾病的復發惡化進展。



"著名的物理學家史提芬．霍金1﹝Stephen Hawking﹞不是生來就坐輪椅。他小時候，是個很活潑的小男孩，雖然球類運動不怎麼好，但他在十七歲去英國牛津大學求學時，開始對划船產生興趣。他是 大學裡最出色的學生之一——早已被當成是明星學生——而霍金在牛津第三年時，卻開始發現，他的手腳變得越來越不靈活，偶爾甚至會毫無理由地摔倒。
不久，在他二十一歲生日之後，他開始尋求專家協助，專家嘗試以各種醫學測試，來找出霍金到底怎麼了。醫生無法告訴他得了什麼病，除了這不是複合性的硬化症?以外。他們告訴他得了一種非常不尋常的疾病，而且，接下來他的身體會變得越來越糟，而他們對此表示束手無策。
「當我知道我得了不治之症，可能在幾年之內會突然死掉，這對我來說，確實是有點震驚的，」以後霍金寫道。「像那樣的事，怎麼可能會發生在我身上？為什麼我會像這樣被奪去生命？」"

Executing the Heimlich Maneuver

How do you know when to administer the Heimlich maneuver? In most cases, a person who is choking — unable to cough or speak, who may be grabbing at his throat and/or whose face is turning blue from lack of oxygen — would benefit from immediate use of the Heimlich maneuver. The maneuver, which works to eject an object (usually a piece of food) that may be blocking the trachea, uses abdominal thrusts to cause air from the lungs to force the object out of the windpipe. The method is adapted for use on infants (under a year old), children, pregnant women and people who are obese. Dr. Henry Heimlich came up with this more effective way to expel a foreign object from the trachea and published an article about it in the June 1974 issue of the medical journal Emergency Medicine.

In Britain in the 1960s, when the habit was commonplace, men were much more likely to be smokers than women. But they have also been more likely than women to give up cigarettes over the past half-century. As a result, between 1979 and 2009 male smoking-related deaths fell by 64% and the male-to-female ratio of such deaths fell from 2.1 to 1.7. Deaths from cancers of the lung, trachea and bronchus in particular fell by 39% between 1991 and 2005 among Englishmen over 49. For women the comparable figure was 3%.

trachea

[名]（複 -ae 〔-kiì | -kíi〕, 〜s）1 《解剖学・動物学・昆虫》気管.2 《植物》導管(vessel).-al[形]

bronchus

音節bron・chus 発音記号/brάŋkəs｜brˈɔŋ‐/

【名詞】

(《複数形》 音節‐chi 発音記号/‐kɑɪ/) 【解剖】 気管支.

［ギリシャ語「のど笛」の意］

sclerosis
netics
noun [U] SPECIALIZED
a medical condition which causes a hardening of body tissue or organs, especially the arteries

sclerotic
adjective SPECIALIZED
sclerotic arteries
FIGURATIVE DISAPPROVING The tax cuts are designed to bring growth to a sclerotic (= very slowly developing and not easily changed) economy.

発音

skliərɑ'tik | -rɔ't-

[形]硬化症に冒された.
multiple sclerosis noun [U] (ABBREVIATION MS)
a disease in which the covering of the nerves gradually becomes destroyed, damaging a person's speech and sight and ability to move artery n., pl. -ies.

1. Anatomy. Any of the muscular elastic tubes that form a branching system and that carry blood away from the heart to the cells, tissues, and organs of the body.
2. A major route of transportation into which local routes flow. See synonyms at way.

[Middle English arterie, from Latin artēria, from Greek artēriā, windpipe, artery.]

WORD HISTORY The changed meaning of the word artery provides a glimpse into the history of medical science. The word is derived from the ancient Greek artēriā, a word originally applied to any of the vessels that emanated from the chest cavity, including arteries, veins, and the bronchial tubes. The difference in the functions of these vessels was not yet known; because they were all empty in cadavers, early anatomists supposed they all carried air. As medical knowledge advanced, however, students of anatomy realized that arteries carry blood and only the windpipe and bronchial tubes carry air. To specify the windpipe, they coined the phrase artēriā trakheia, “rough artery,” referring to its rough cartilaginous structure. The adjective trakheia, “rough,” entered modern English as trachea, the current medical term for the windpipe.

artery[ar・ter・y]

• 発音記号[ɑ'ːrtəri]

[名]（複-ies）

1 《解剖学》動脈（⇔vein）

the pulmonary ［the carotid］ artery
肺［頸(けい)］動脈.

2 幹線水路［道路］.

［ラテン語←ギリシャ語ārtēriā（気管）. 死体の動脈には血がないのでarteryが通気を運ぶと信じられた］

arterial 

音節

ar • te • ri • al

発音

ɑːrtíəriəl

[形]

1 《生理学》動脈の

arterial blood
動脈血.

2 〈道路・水路が〉主要路の,

 幹線の.

━━[名]幹線道路.


 arterial  sclerosis  動脈硬化