expert and expertise, substantive. "Lies are often much more plausible, more appealing to reason, than reality, since the liar has the great advantage of knowing beforehand what the audience wishes or expects to hear."

"Lies are often much more plausible, more appealing to reason, than reality, since the liar has the great advantage of knowing beforehand what the audience wishes or expects to hear."

~Hannah Arendt

The Los Angeles Times declares that while these measures may not amount to a "new global deal" that President Obama had called for, "the outcome still surprised many observers with its unusually substantive achievements."



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1.	on Page 4:
	"... It may be, in the judgment of management, or of experts in the subject- matter, that the chance of a wrong solution to a problem will be lessened by the collection ..."
2.	on Page 5:
	"... come up? The statistician, to understand the problem, should try to place himself in the position of the administrator or expert in the subject-matter who needs the information and runs the risk of using it. ..."
3.	on Page 6:
	"... or that way. These examples, and countless others that one could mention, illustrate the difficulties that confront management and the expert in the subject- matter. ..."
4.	on Page 7:
	"... mileage and commodity, consumer research, spending, saving, sickness, and other sociological and demographic studies. Naturally, he can not be an expert in such a wide variety of subject-matter. His knowledge of the subject-matter and of the material to be tested or ..."
5.	on Page 8:
	"... Remark 1. In support of the statement that the statistician need not be an expert in the subject-matter in order to make his contribution, I may point out this sobering fact: that it is statisticians ..."
6.	on Page 12:
	"... his work. They do not deny the statistician the privilege of taking an interest in the subject-matter, nor from becoming expert in it. ..."
7.	on Page 13:
	"... Evaluation of the nonsampling errors, however, is not purely mathematical: it requires the aid of expert knowledge of the subject-matter, and of the methods used in the field. The statistician's report to management should not talk ..."
8.	on Page 14:
	"... These assumptions and their effects on uses of the results of the survey may involve expert knowledge of the subject-matter. This is especially likely to be true in the disposition of nonresponse. Hence, if the statistician's ..."
9.	on Page 27:
	"... OF SAMPLING 27 or of testing, nonresponse, missing information, wrong information, the coding, the interpretation, and the judgment of the expert on the usefulness or the propriety of the data for the problem at hand, are the same for a sample ..."
10.	on Page 28:
	"... Clarification of some common misconceptions about sampling: 1. Probability sampling is NOT the substantive expert's selection of "representative" or of "typical" cases, areas, or farms, or of weeks or months from the year. ..."

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on Page 283:

"... Without an expert versed in the science of design as one of the participants in the design process, the social organism was destined only to react to immediate crises and to do so in an uncoordinated, purposeless manner...." Simon

expert 
noun [C]
a person with a high level of knowledge or skill; a specialist:
a gardening/medical expert
My mother is an expert at dress-making (= she does it very well).

expert 
adjective [before noun]
The centre provides expert advice for people with financial problems.
What's your expert opinion?

expertise
noun [U]
a high level of knowledge or skill:
We admired the expertise with which he prepared the meal.
I have no expertise in sewing/sewing expertise.
She has considerable expertise in French history.

expertly
adverb
He carved the roast expertly.


"EXPERT"漢文習譯為"專家"--這可能是簡化日文的【専門家せんもん-か ₀ 】(

ある技芸や学問などの専門的方面で、高度の知識、またすぐれた技能を備えた人。)

有趣的是 日文辭點典將 expert解釋為 ━━ n. 熟練者, 老練家, くろうと ((in, at, on)); 技師; 鑑定人.
━━ a. 熟達した, 老練な ((in, at, with)).
ex・pert・ly　━━ ad.
ex・pert・ness　━━ n.


日本就 expert system (a computer system which asks questions and gives answers that have been thought of by a human expert)採取音譯

expert system　【コンピュータ】エキスパート・システム.
expert system shell　【コンピュータ】エキスパートシステム構築用シェル.



substantive 
 FORMAL
important, serious or related to real facts:
Substantive research on the subject needs to be carried out.
The documents are the first substantive information obtained by the investigators.

adj.

1. Substantial; considerable.
2. Independent in existence or function; not subordinate.
3. Not imaginary; actual; real.
4. Of or relating to the essence or substance; essential: substantive information.
5. Having a solid basis; firm.
6. Grammar. Expressing or designating existence; for example, the verb to be.
7. Grammar. Designating a noun or noun equivalent.

n. Grammar.
A word or group of words functioning as a noun.

[Middle English substantif, self-sufficient, independent, from Old French, substantive, from Late Latin substantīvus, from Latin substantia, substance. See substance.]

substantively sub'stan·tive·ly adv.
substantiveness sub'stan·tive·ness n.