In linguistics, a participle (ptcp) (from Latin participium a "sharing, partaking") is a nonfinite verb form that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives.[1] More narrowly, participle has been defined as "a word derived from a verb and used as an adjective, as in a laughing face".[2]
“Participle” is a traditional grammatical term from Greek and Latin that is widely used for corresponding verb forms in European languages and analogous forms in Sanskrit and Arabic grammar.
Cross-linguistically, participles may have a range of functions apart from adjectival modification. In European and Indian languages, the past participle is used to form the passive voice. In English, participles are also associated with periphrastic verb forms (continuous and perfect) and are widely used in adverbial clauses. In non-Indo-European languages, ‘participle’ has been applied to forms that are alternatively regarded as converbs (see Sireniki Eskimo below), gerunds, gerundives, transgressives, and nominalised verbs in complement clauses. As a result, ‘participles’ have come to be associated with a broad variety of syntactic constructions.
分詞（英語：participle，簡寫：PTCP）是一個語言學術語，為一種非限定動詞形式，其在句子中的功能隨上下文的語境變化。取決於上下文，分詞可以具有副詞的功能或是作為一個形容詞[1]。可以用於構成複合時態、語態或作為修飾語。分詞常常有其他詞類的特徵，特別是形容詞和名詞的特徵。分詞的英語「participle」來自於拉丁語：participium，拉丁語又翻譯自希臘語「μετοχη」，其意義為分擔或分享[2]。
包括印歐語系、閃-含語系、烏拉爾語系、阿爾泰語系、愛斯基摩-阿留申語系等語系中都有分詞的存在。而漢藏語系的諸語言則沒有分詞這一語法範疇。在多數現代歐洲語言中都會有兩種分詞，比如英語有現在分詞（英語：present participle）和過去分詞（英語：past participle）；德語有第一分詞（德語：Partizip I）和第二分詞（德語：Partizip II）。
分詞的種類[編輯]
分詞常常用時態來區別，例如英語裏有現在分詞和過去分詞。但這只是約定俗成；現在分詞不一定就是表示現在，過去分詞也不一定表示過去。
分詞也可能用語態區別。有的語言（如拉丁語和俄語）的主動語態和被動語態有不同分詞。英語中的現在分詞本質上是主動分詞，而過去分詞兼具主動、被動用法，就如以下例子所展示的：
- I saw Peter eating his dinner. 我看見比得吃飯。（eating是主動分詞，而被修飾名詞Peter是實施者）
- I have eaten my dinner. 我吃過飯了。（完成時結構；eaten是主動分詞）
- John was eaten by lions. 約翰被獅子吃了。（eaten是被動分詞，John是承受者）
有時也區分形容詞性分詞和副詞性分詞。副詞性分詞（或分詞短語、基於這種分詞的從句）在句中扮演狀語，而形容詞性分詞（或分詞短語、基於這種分詞的從句）扮演定語或表語。有些語言裏這兩種分詞形式不同，比如俄語和其餘斯拉夫語言、匈牙利語，以及許多愛斯基摩語。
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