napalm, jack-in-the-box, incendiary, Puranas, coulrophobic, defining image

Trump’s Napalm Politics? They Began With Newt By Jennifer Senior Gingrich wrote the playbook for it all. The nastiness, the contempt for norms, the transformation of political opponents into enemies.

"I forgive everyone who caused my suffering, even the pilot, commander, people controlling me," says Phan Thi Kim Phuc. A photograph of her as a 9-year-old surviving a napalm attack became a defining image of the Vietnam War.

A photograph of Phan Thi Kim Phuc as a nine-year-old girl enduring a napalm attack became a defining image of the Vietnam War. Healing has been a decades-long process. Now living in Canada, Kim Phuc shares her Brief But Spectacular take on pain and forgiveness.

PBS.ORG

Kim Phuc’s Brief But Spectacular take on pain and forgiveness

Here's an essay I wrote recently condemning the incendiary speeches of Republican presidential candidates. I'd be interested in your thoughts.

 So, Jack-in-the-box was variously a religious insult, a swindler, the Devil and an incendiary device - clearly a character not to be meddled with. Even non-coulrophobic children might do well to be wary of Jack. He may not have been real but, as a bogeyman, he had some impressive credentials.



On Dec. 29, 1940, during World War II, Germany began dropping incendiary bombs on London.



Photo Essay
Happy 70th Birthday, Jimi Hendrix: Photos of an Incendiary Talent
If a musician's greatness is measured by the breadth of his influence — and how else should we gauge it? — Jimi Hendrix's legacy commends him as...

jack-in-the-box 

Pronunciation: /ˈdʒakɪnðəbɒks/ 

NOUNA toy consisting of a box containing a figure on a spring which pops up when the lid is opened. 他給我的洋玩意兒，確也是我家裡沒有的。例如揭開盒蓋就跳出來的“玩偶盒”（jack-in-the-box）；一木盒鐵制的水禽，還有一隻小輪船，外加一個馬蹄形的吸鐵石，玩時端一面盆水，把鐵制的玩物浮在水上，用吸鐵石一指，滿盆的禽鳥和船都連成一串，聽我指揮。這些玩意兒都留在家裡給弟妹們玩，就玩沒了。

incendiary[in・cen・di・ar・y]

• 発音記号[inséndièri | -diəri]

[形]((限定))

1 火をつけるのに用いる［適した］

an incendiary bomb ［shell］
焼夷(しょうい)弾

an incendiary device
発火装置.

2 扇動的な, 教唆的な, 刺激的な, 扇情的な.

3 放火の.

━━[名]

1 焼夷弾.

2 扇動者, 教唆者.

3 放火者［犯人］(arsonist).

This picture of nine-year-old Phan Thi Kim Phuc - a young girl, running naked and terrified down the road after a napalm attack - became one of the most iconic images of the Vietnam War. (Credit: AP)
to napalm people who were resisting US....

First came the removal of the Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph by Nick Ut of a girl fleeing napalm in Vietnam, posted on the page of a Norwegian journalist. 

napalm
n. a highly flammable sticky jelly used in incendiary bombs and flamethrowers, consisting of gasoline thickened with special soaps.
v.
attack with bombs containing napalm.
Etymology: 1940s: from na (phthenic) and palm(itic acid).
See the Introduction, Abbreviations and Pronunciation for further details.

• [néipɑːm]

[名][U]《軍事》ナパーム

a napalm bomb
ナパーム弾.

━━[動](他)…をナパーム弾［火炎放射器］で攻撃する.

［naphthaleneとpalmitic acid］

凝固汽油彈（英語：napalm），亦稱燒夷彈，是幾種武器用途的可燃液體之總稱，大多以膠狀汽油為主成份。準確地說，「napalm」一詞字面上指的是凝固汽油彈中用來與汽油混合以產生膠質燃劑的黏稠劑成份。此詞是由它的研發者——路易·菲塞（Louis Frederick Fieser）所領導的哈佛大學化學家團隊所命名，是naphthenic（環烷酸）與palmitic acid（棕櫚酸）的鋁鹽的混成詞，製造凝固汽油彈時會將這兩種成份加入可燃物質使其膠質化^[1]。

凝固汽油彈早期主要被用來攻擊建築物，之後演變為對人員殺傷用武器，其主要通過黏附在人員表面持續燃燒來造成傷害。

目錄

• 1發展歷程
• 2軍事應用
• 3國際法規
• 4相關條目
• 5註解
• 6延伸閱讀
• 7外部連結

發展歷程[編輯]

人類在戰爭中使用火焰已有很長一段歷史，譬如古希臘時期的希臘火便已經開始使用燃油作為燃料。在第一次世界大戰時，由德國人首先設計為步兵可攜式燃燒武器；戰爭後期，雙方各自研發出各式各樣的噴火器^[1]。

早期的流質燃劑容易噴濺又難以附著在目標物上，難達到集中殺傷的目的。美國發現改用膠狀汽油（gasoline gel）可以提昇噴火器的射程與效用，但是製造膠狀汽油須使用大量的天然橡膠，但天然橡膠不僅價格昂貴、產量較低，且在二戰初期，日軍占領了馬來西亞、印度尼西亞、越南和泰國等天然橡膠的主要產地後，同盟國的橡膠來源基本上被切斷^[1]。

天然橡膠的各種缺點引起了杜邦、標準石油公司和哈佛大學的一些研究人員的注意，他們經過大量的努力後研發出能大規模工業生產的合成橡膠，並且可以用於汽車輪胎、坦克履帶和雨衣等各種用途。1942年，哈佛大學由美軍化學部隊（U.S. Chemical Warfare Service）路易教授（Louis Fieser）領導的團隊首先研發出可應用於合成橡膠的凝固汽油^[2] 。並在1942年4月中旬，他們又研發出了一種新型棕色乾燥粉末，粉末本身並不具有粘性，但與汽油混合後就變得極度粘稠與易燃。路易教授的一個同事建議在凝固汽油中加入磷，可增強凝固汽油的殺傷性，使凝固汽油會滲入肌膚，並繼續燃燒，造成更加嚴重的燒傷。

1965年至1969年，陶氏化學公司為美軍量產了凝固汽油-B（napalm-B），以苯和聚苯乙烯為粘稠劑。但當凝固汽油-B的巨大傷害性被媒體報導後，陶氏化學便迅速停止了相關產品的研發。與此同時，凝固汽油-B成為了越南戰爭的標誌之一^[1]。

Napalm is a flammable liquid used in warfare. It is a mixture of a gelling agent, and either petroleum or a similar fuel. It was initially used as an incendiary device against buildings and later primarily as an anti-personnel weapon, as it sticks to skin and causes severe burns when on fire.

Napalm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm

往世書（天城體：पुराण，梵語原意為「古代的」或「古老的」）是一類古印度文獻的總稱。這類文獻覆蓋的內容非常廣泛，包括宇宙論、神譜、帝王世系和宗教活動。它們通常為問答式詩歌體，其基本內容經常是不同人物聯繫起來的一些故事。
有許多文獻都被稱為往世書。現存的往世書非常多，其中最重要的是大往世書和小往世書。這是狹義的往世書，以梵語寫成。它們通常講述宇宙和人類的產生、帝王和仙人的世系等內容，並包含故事、哲學和宗教話題。

The Goddess Ambika or Durga Leading the Eight Matrikas in Battle Against the Demon Raktabija, Folio from Devi Mahatmya, Markandeya Purana.

 The Puranas (Sanskrit: पुराण purāṇa, "of ancient times") are a genre of important Hindu, Jain and Buddhist religious texts, notably consisting of narratives of the history of the universe from creation to destruction, genealogies of kings, heroes, sages, and demigods, and descriptions of Hindu cosmology, philosophy, and geography.^[1]
Puranas usually give prominence to a particular deity, employing an abundance of religious and philosophical concepts. They are usually written in the form of stories related by one person to another. The Puranas are available in vernacular translations and are disseminated by Brahmin scholars, who read from them and tell their stories, usually in Katha sessions (in which a traveling Brahmin settles for a few weeks in a temple and narrates parts of a Purana, usually with a Bhakti perspective).^{[citation needed]}

Coulrophobia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulrophobia - Cached

Coulrophobia is a fear of clowns. The term is of recent origin, probably dating from the 1980s, and according to one analyst, "has been coined more on the ...