李中志ChungChih Li
康乃爾大學真該撤銷黃國昌的法學位。他說最近有一進入美國聯邦最高法院的案件，大法官因5人請求迴避而無法達6人的法定人數，因此裁定不受理。言下之意，台灣憲法法庭無法達到所謂的法定人數，應該繼續停擺、停擺、停擺，然後就開始羞辱台灣不合他意的大法官裁定。(注意，他是立院某黨總召，不是路人甲，他是公然以立法委員的身分辱罵大法官。那我就以公民路人甲的身分罵你這個失格立委，他媽的，你是什麼東西！)
但我的重點不是要和狗互吠，是要補充一下黃國昌沒告訴小草的，他拿來說嘴的例子法律規範非常清楚，28 U.S. Code § 2109 (以下還是來自康乃爾法學院的網頁，真諷刺)
那就是，美國聯邦最高法院因人數不足而裁定不受理的案件如何處理，美國有明定的解決辦法。案件有兩種情況：一，由地方法院跳過上訴法院直接進入聯邦最高法院的案件；二，經過上訴或州最高法院裁定後進到聯邦最高法院的案件。
第一種案件，必須交給所屬巡迴法院或上訴法院審理。
第二種案件，若可預見下會期仍不足額，則以原上訴法院審判結果定讞。(所謂會期是指十月至隔年六月的受理期間)
這個法律的意義非常清楚，儘管最高法院不夠法定人數，但所有的案件必須盡最大的努力安排有意義的裁判 (based on merits)，而且必須保障上訴的權利 (第一種案件必須交給所屬上訴法院審理的原因)。也就是說，不能拖著，也不能以程序擱置不裁判：法律用語就是 merits adjudication.
在這個原則下，黃國昌所舉的案例中五位大法官才可能放心地做出放棄審判權的決定 (該案是自認對有關該案的著作權法有偏見而自請迴避)，交給下級法院做更好的裁判。若無 28 U.S. Code § 2109 保障，兩權相害，這五位大法官就有義務審判，不能藉故推卸責任。
這個立法精神，事實上是直接打臉黃國昌與藍白無限期拖延大法官會議的作法，等於是政治無差別殺人的恐怖攻擊，應判政治死刑。而那三位拒絕開會的大法官可能也沒讀到美國該法處裡大法官無法定人數時的精神。
再補充一點，來美多年，對大法官的同意案一直很有興趣，但不記得哪一位大法官提名人被否決過。就查了一下，美國行憲兩百多年的歷史上，被國會否決的大法官提名人只有11位；而戰後只有3位。比較訝異的是，雷根之後的國會從此兩黨水火不容，每次參院的要同意大法官提名的聽證會都鬧得沸沸揚揚，但沒有一個被提名的大法官被否決。
注意，若真要杯葛，美國參院就算是少數黨，要擋大法官提名太容易了。美國國會議員發言時間沒有上限，只要進入議會杯葛，就可無限期拖延表決，要正式結束議會杯葛，需3/5同意，過去是2/3，難度很高，殺紅眼的政治現實就是不可能結束議會杯葛。而且美國的大法官是終身制，人數也沒入憲，少一兩個大法官撐個十年也不是什麼大問題。但人家對憲政的尊重就在那裏展現，民主黨就算不爽提名超級保守的大法官 (反之亦然)，廟堂祭司不可殘缺，再怎麼樣，還是要給予最高的法律解釋者最大的正當性，發揮最大的功能。
law.cornell.edu
A Greek Muslim woman who lost out because her late husband’s will was adjudicated by Islamic law has been vindicated by the European Court of Human Rights
In an era when Europe had been torn asunder by warfare between Catholic and Protestant kings, John Locke set out the revolutionary idea that the state should hold back from adjudicating or enforcing religious doctrine. A century later, his ideas had a decisive influence on America's founding fathers. And to this day, he is provoking some rich intellectual debate, among Muslims as well as Christianshttp://econ.st/16zeLBl
From today's Morning Reads:
- According to NY Rep. Louise Slaughter, the top Dem on the House Rules Committee, the $1 trillion spending bill that the House is expected to vote on today “is 1,600 pages, was released in the middle of the night, and not one member of this committee has been able to read all the way through it. There has been no opportunity for public input, no mark ups, no hearings.”
- The Washington Post writes it includes “a measure tucked into the bill that would allow rich donors to shovel up to nearly 10 times as much in campaign cash into the coffers of party committees.”
- Dick Cheney says the Senate report on torture is “full of crap.”
"I've never felt more shoved under the rug in my life."
China had a $198 billion trade surplus with the rest of the world last year, with its exports to the United States outpacing imports by more than four to one. Despite that, in the last 12 months, Beijing has filed more cases with the W.T.O.’s powerful trade tribunals in Geneva than any other country complaining about another’s trade practices.
The Washington Post points out that this "strategy is largely intended to avoid the mistakes of the Clinton administration, which crafted an extensive proposal in secret for many months before delivering the finished product to lawmakers, who quickly rejected it."
Japan pledges more money for Khmer Rouge tribunal
International Herald Tribune - FranceAP PHNOM PENH, Cambodia: Japan will give an additional $21 million to the Cambodian genocide tribunal trying the surviving leaders of the Khmer Rouge, ...
The Cambodia Tribunals
The start of U.N.-backed trials of leading members of the Khmer Rouge in February has allowed victims to expose Cambodia's mostly silent past and educate those too young to remember the killing fields.
市場失當行為審裁處: Market Misconduct Tribunal
crap1
Line breaks: crap
Pronunciation: /krap /vulgar slang
shovel
Syllabification: shov·el
Pronunciation: /ˈSHəvəl/
noun
noun
verb (shoveled, shoveling ; British shovelled, shovelling)
[with object]Derivatives
Origin
Old English scofl, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch schoffel, German Schaufel, also to the verb shove.
tribunal
n.
- Law.
- A seat or court of justice.
- The bench on which a judge or other presiding officer sits in court.
- A committee or board appointed to adjudicate in a particular matter.
- Something that has the power to determine or judge: the tribunal of public opinion.
[Middle English, from Old French, from Latin tribūnal, judge's platform, from tribūnus, tribune. See tribune1.]
tribunal 発音〔traibjú:nl, tri-〕
━━ n. 法官席; 法廷; （世論の）裁き; 〔英〕 （第一次大戦中の）兵役免除審査局.
vindicate
/ˈvɪndɪkeɪt/
verb
past tense: vindicated; past participle: vindicated
- clear (someone) of blame or suspicion."hospital staff were vindicated by the inquest verdict"
- show or prove to be right, reasonable, or justified."more sober views were vindicated by events"
adjudicate
Syllabification: (ad·ju·di·cate)
Pronunciation: /əˈjo͞odiˌkāt/
Translate adjudicate | into French | into German | into Italian | into Spanish verb
Origin:
early 18th century (in the sense 'award judicially'): from Latin adjudicat- 'awarded judicially', from the verb adjudicare (see adjudge). The noun adjudication dates from the early 17th century對問題或爭議事項作出正式的判斷或決定：委員會對所有博彩糾紛進行裁決。 [及物動詞]：該案在最高法院進行了裁決。
擔任比賽的評審：我們請他擔任當地花展的評審。
[及物動詞和受詞] 依法宣告或宣告：他被裁定破產。
派生詞
adjudicative
發音：/-ˌkātiv/
形容詞
字源：
18世紀早期（意為“依法裁決”）：源自拉丁語 adjudicat-，意為“依法裁決”，來自拉丁語動詞 adjudicare（參見 adjudge）。名詞「裁決」一詞出現於17世紀早期。
1 in a private place with no one else present and without other people knowing:
The negotiators were meeting in secret for several months before the peace agreement was made public.
2 only in someone's thoughts, without telling other people:
He says he loathes her, but I think in secret he really likes her.
verb [T]
to examine a person accused of committing a crime in a court of law by asking them questions and considering known facts, and then decide if they are guilty:
Because of security implications the officers were tried in secret.
They are being tried for murder.
See also trial (LEGAL PROCESS).
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Obama Restarts Terrorism Tribunals
The Obama administration lifted its freeze on new military trials at Guantanamo Bay and for the first time laid out its legal strategy to indefinitely detain prisoners who the government says can't be tried but are too dangerous to be freed.
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