BUSING/ Desegregation busing, forced desegregation, social leveling, "plebiscitary tendencies"

The columnist Joseph Alsop called Mr. Kennan "an almost too-sensitive man." Certainly contemporary America lacerates his sensibilities. He deplores, among many other things, "plebiscitary tendencies" in governance, forced desegregation ("people should be allowed to do what comes naturally," and policies should be "responsive to local feelings, local customs and local needs") and egalitarianism generally (because "every attempt at social leveling ends with leveling to the bottom, never to the top").


The real issue, then, is that rhetoric's structural asymmetry creates a “lack of dialogical accountability,” which produces the “plebiscitary tendencies” of the elite/masses relationship. A theory of deliberative rhetoric, Chambers concludes, ...




plebisciteとは

主な意味 国民(直接)投票

每日一詞：BUSING

校車政策為何成為美國民主黨初選的爭議焦點

AMY CHANG CHIEN

在上個月的民主黨初選辯論中，參議員哈利斯與前副總統拜登有關校車政策(busing)的言詞交鋒是辯論的亮點之一，也引發了人們對美國種族政策和現狀的反思。

| Busing：校車政策為何成為美國民主黨初選的爭議焦點

6月底的民主黨總統初選辯論中，參選人哈利斯向其對手、前副總統拜登幾十年前反對“校車政策”(busing)的立場提出質疑。拜登則回應稱，自己反對的並非校車政策本身，而是教育部門對該政策的強制推廣。

兩人的言詞交鋒成為這場辯論的亮點之一，也引發了人們對於校車政策是否打破了美國教育隔離制度的討論。那麼， busing指的是什麼 ？根據大英百科全書，“校車政策”又名“消除種族隔離的巴士”(desegregation busing)，該項政策通過將學生載送到當地學區以內或以外的做法，來緩和種族隔離政策帶來的影響。

時報在近期的新聞分析中指出，使用busing一詞讓人們得以假裝白人反對的不是種族融合，而是讓孩子前往其他社區上學。從某種程度上說，校車政策實際上承認了法院試圖消除學校種族隔離的舉動是失敗的。

Desegregation busing in the United States (also known as simply busing) is the practice of assigning and transporting students to schools within or outside their local school districts in an effort to reduce the racial segregation in schools

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』

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差別撤廃に向けたバス通学（さべつてっぱいにむけたバスつうがく、Desegregation busing）は、アメリカ合衆国の公立学校における差別に撤廃に向けた取り組みであり、差別的な学校制度や学区設定を改革する為に、特定の学校に子どもたちを入学させ、その通学のための輸送手段を用意することである。


In cultural anthropology, a leveling mechanism is a practice that acts to ensure social equality, usually by shaming or humbling members of a group that attempt to put themselves above other members.^[1]

bus

/bʌs/

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verb

gerund or present participle: busing

1. 1.

   transport in a communal road vehicle.

   
   

   "staff were bussed in and out of the factory"

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2. 2.

   NORTH AMERICAN

   remove (dirty plates and dishes) from a table in a restaurant or cafeteria.