“Freud was not a historian, but he knew that men’s
minds, even their unconscious minds, change across time and differ across
class,” Dr. Gay wrote. “Concern for individuality, that mark of the historian,
pervades all of Freud’s writings.”
“弗洛伊德不是歷史學家，但他知道人類的心思夢想，甚至知道其潛意識之所思會隨時間的變化，各階級也會有所不同，”蓋伊博士寫道。 “歷史學家的標誌是對於個性的關注，而這在弗洛伊德的著作中，乃是處處可見。”
Father Greeley knew well that he was writing genre novels, but he, like many of his readers, saw them as much more. They were theological parables and, for Father Greeley, something approaching sacramental ministrations. If he did not have a parish, he had a mailbox — and later an e-mail address. The faithful gathered there in huge numbers, thanking him for new insights into God and their church, adding their own tales of return and reconciliation.
Dr. Berwick's Pink Slip
New York Times
There, he became enamored with the ideas being promulgated by management gurus like W. Edwards Deming and companies like Toyota, which believed that ...
...publishing material on ‘best practice’ and much of it is conventional management rubbish, much like the junk promulgated by the ...
James Mill(born April 6, 1773, Northwater Bridge, Forfarshire, Scot. — died June 23, 1836, London, Eng.) Scottish philosopher, historian, and economist. After studying at the University of Edinburgh and teaching, he went to London in 1802, where he met Jeremy Bentham and became a major promulgator of Bentham's utilitarianism.
Reviewed by PAUL KRUGMAN
Justin Fox explains how finance professors promulgated catastrophic theories; and Charles R. Morris profiles George Soros, Warren Buffett and Paul Volcker.
ibetan monasteries empty as China jails monks to silence Olympic ...
Times Online - UK The monks' detention is, in effect, a decision by China to implement a policy first promulgated in 1994 to limit the size of Tibet's monasteries, ...
ミステリーショッパー 【mystery shopper】
- 営業中の小売店などで，客に扮して顧客満足度を点検する覆面調査員のこと。
- →顧客満足
- →ミステリー-ショッピング
sacrament
(săk'rə-mənt)
n.
- Christianity. A rite believed to be a means of or visible form of grace, especially:
- In the Eastern, Roman Catholic, and some other Western Christian churches, any of the traditional seven rites that were instituted by Jesus and recorded in the New Testament and that confer sanctifying grace.
- In most other Western Christian churches, the two rites, Baptism and the Eucharist, that were instituted by Jesus to confer sanctifying grace.
- A religious rite similar to a Christian sacrament, as in character or meaning.
- often Sacrament
- The Eucharist.
- The consecrated elements of the Eucharist, especially the bread or host.
[Middle English, from Old French sacrement, from Late Latin sacrāmentum, from Latin, oath, from sacrāre, to consecrate, from sacer, sacr-, sacred. See sacred.]
sacrament：聖事；聖禮：聖事乃主耶穌親自建立的有形可見的宗教儀式，為把天主的聖寵，經由教會施予領受的人。天主教和東方教會有七件聖 事：聖洗、堅振、告解、聖體、聖秩、病人傅油、及婚姻（參閱法典840-848）。其它基督教派只承認聖洗、堅信（堅振）或聖體等少數幾件。拉丁文稱作 sacramentum。
聖禮（新教用語，英語：Holy Sacraments）或聖事（天主教用語，英語：Holy Sacraments）是基督教傳達神聖恩典的儀式。東正教與之對應的名稱是奧蹟（Holy Mysteries）。
日本では教派によって訳語が異なる。「秘跡」というのは日本のカトリック教会の訳語であり、他の教派では、正教会では「機密」（きみつ）、聖公会では「聖奠」（せいてん）、プロテスタントでは「礼典・聖礼典」（れいてん、せいれいてん）、などといい、意味も異なっていることがある。
- 洗礼
- 聖体
- 婚姻
- 叙階
- 堅信
- ゆるしの秘跡、あるいは「告解」
- 病者の塗油（かつて「終油の秘跡」とよばれ、臨終の人が受けるものというイメージが強かったが、第2バチカン公会議以降、本来の意味が見直され、より広い意味で病者に与えられる秘跡となった。）
包括：
- 洗礼〔又稱浸禮，Baptism）目的是为了洗去原罪
- 坚信礼（又稱圣膏Chrismation/ Confirmation）将生灵完全赐予受礼者
- 圣餐(Eucharist)，当信徒领受圣餐时，他们乃是直接领受耶稣的身体及血
- 神职授任禮 (又稱按立Ordination)能消除许多罪过，使人执行圣職，仍然能够将天父赐予的恩宠普及其他信徒
- 懺悔禮（即告解，Confession/Penance）指向神父表白、实行身负要受礼者所做的陕公或者祈祷
- 病者塗油(又稱膏油禮Anointing of the Sick)可以消除各种可以宽恕的和致命的罪过。
- 婚礼(Matrimony/sacramental marriage)指男女双方结合所行之礼，神父亦为见证。
圣礼通常由神职人员对接收者执行。执行程序通常有有形的和无形的两部分组成。无形的部分由圣灵送达，有形的部分包括按手礼(Laying on of Hands)和使用被神圣化的水、油、麵包和酒；或公众仪式(譬如婚礼和忏悔) 。
sacrament [Lat.,=something holy], an outward sign of something sacred. In Christianity, a sacrament is commonly defined as having been instituted by Jesus and consisting of a visible sign of invisible grace. Christianity is divided as to the number and operation of sacraments.
The traditional view held by Orthodox, Roman Catholics, and certain Anglicans counts the sacraments as seven—Eucharist, baptism, confirmation, penance, anointing of the sick, matrimony (see marriage), and holy orders (see orders, holy). These are held to produce grace in the soul of the recipient by the very performance of the sacramental act (ex opere operato); the recipient need only have the right intention. Most Protestant denominations recognize two sacraments—baptism and communion, or the Lord's Supper. Protestants hold generally that it is the faith of the participant, itself a gift of God, rather than the power of the sacramental act that produces grace.
A conventional division of the seven sacraments sets apart the “sacraments of the dead,” i.e., baptism and penance, because they are for souls in a state of sin; the rest, “sacraments of the living,” are conferred on souls in a state of grace.
promulgate (ANNOUNCE)
verb [T] FORMAL
to announce something publicly, especially a new law:
The new law was finally promulgated in the autumn of last year.tr.v., -gat·ed, -gat·ing, -gates.
- To make known (a decree, for example) by public declaration; announce officially. See synonyms at announce.
- To put (a law) into effect by formal public announcement.
[Latin prōmulgāre, prōmulgāt-.]
promulgation prom'ul·ga'tion (prŏm'əl-gā'shən, prō'məl-) n.promulgator prom'ul·ga'tor n.
a denial 非”排斥”
promulgation 非“提倡”
promulgate (ANNOUNCE) verb [T] FORMAL
to announce something publicly, especially a new law:
The new law was finally promulgated in the autumn of last year.
to announce something publicly, especially a new law:
The new law was finally promulgated in the autumn of last year.
pervade verb [T] FORMAL
When qualities, characteristics or smells pervade a place or thing, they spread through it and are present in every part of it:
The film is a reflection of the violence that pervades American culture.pervasive adjective FORMAL
present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place:
The influence of Freud is pervasive in her books.
a pervasive smell of diesel
Reforms are being undermined by the all-pervasive corruption in the country.pervasively adverb FORMAL
pervasiveness noun [U] FORMAL
When qualities, characteristics or smells pervade a place or thing, they spread through it and are present in every part of it:
The film is a reflection of the violence that pervades American culture.pervasive adjective FORMAL
present or noticeable in every part of a thing or place:
The influence of Freud is pervasive in her books.
a pervasive smell of diesel
Reforms are being undermined by the all-pervasive corruption in the country.pervasively adverb FORMAL
pervasiveness noun [U] FORMAL
sacrament, minister of the：施行聖事的人；主持聖事的人：一般都由司祭（司鐸、主教）主持。與領受聖事的人或領聖事者相對照。
Sacrament, Most Blessed：聖體聖事：耶穌最後晚餐時，拿起餅來，祝謝了，擘開，遞給門徒說：「這是我的身體，為你們而捨棄的。你們應為紀念我而行此禮。」晚餐以 後，耶穌同樣拿起杯來，說：「這杯是用我為你們流出的血而立的新約。」（路廿二19-20）。教會舉行此成聖體禮稱為舉行（作）彌撒或感恩祭。彌撒中的聖 體聖事是紀念基督的死亡及復活，是敬禮的巔峰和泉源，是最崇高的聖事－因基督自己兼作奉獻和犧牲（食糧），也是其它聖事及使徒工作的連繫中心（法典 897）。彌撒中祝聖聖體、聖血後，司祭和教友領受此聖餅（聖血）稱為領聖體（聖血）；敬禮此聖餅（聖血）稱為朝拜耶穌聖體。
sacrament
Religious action or symbol in which spiritual power is believed to be transmitted through material elements or the performance of ritual. The concept is ancient; prehistoric people believed that they could advantageously influence events in the natural world, such as weather patterns, through the performance of ritual. The word sacramentum was used in Roman law and later became an oath of allegiance soldiers swore in a sacred place. The sacrament is primarily associated with Christianity, and Christian theologians as early as St. Augustine focused on the proper definition of sacrament. Among Christians, sacraments are said to derive from practices instituted by Jesus, such as baptism, the washing of the feet, and the casting out of demons. There are seven sacraments of Roman Catholicism, as codified by St. Thomas Aquinas and promulgated by the Council of Trent: baptism, confirmation, the Eucharist, penance, anointing of the sick, ordination, and matrimony. The Eastern Orthodox church generally accepts seven sacraments, even though no council accepted by the Orthodox church ever defined the number of sacraments. In most Protestant churches, however, only baptism and the Lord's Supper are recognized as sacraments, as the understanding of sacrament differs from that of the Roman Catholic church. See also samskara.
For more information on sacrament, visit Britannica.com.
Sacrament of the altar：祭壇（台）之聖事：聖體聖事。
sacramental character：神印；聖印：領受聖洗、堅振、聖秩三聖事時，靈魂獲得不可磨滅的印號。
sacramental grace：聖事的恩佑；聖事的恩寵：基督藉聖事所賦與人的特殊恩寵。
sacramentals：(1)聖儀；準聖事：聖儀是神聖的記號，因其在某方面摹仿聖事，藉此象徵精神效果，且透過教會的轉禱而獲得（法典1166）。如祝聖 consecration、祝福 blessing、驅魔（邪）禮 exorcism 等。拉丁文稱作 sacramentalia。(2)聖物：如聖牌 medals、念珠 Rosary等。
Sacramentary：聖事手冊；主禮聖事書：乃古代最完備之禮儀手冊，始於六世紀，其中包括舉行彌撒、聖事等禮儀之詳細說明。梵蒂岡第二次大公會議後，又發行新聖事手冊。拉丁文稱作 sacramentarium。
sacraments, last：臨終聖事：包括告解、病人傅油、臨終聖體等對彌留病人施行的三件聖事。
Sacraments, Sacred Congregation of the：聖事部：教廷部會之一，管理有關聖事之一切事項，由教宗碧岳十世（St. Pius X）成立於1908年，現改為 Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments 敬禮與聖事紀律部。
sacraments, the seven：七件聖事：指聖洗 baptism、堅振 confirmation、聖體或感恩 Eucharist、告解或懺悔 penance、病人傅油 anointing of the sick、聖秩 holy orders、婚姻 matrimony 等七件聖事。
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ministration
Pronunciation: /mɪnɪˈstreɪʃ(ə)n/
Definition of ministration
noun
(usually ministrations)Origin:
late Middle English: from Latin ministratio(n-), from ministrare 'wait upon', from minister (see minister)
Pronunciation: /pəˈveɪd/
Definition of pervade in English:
verb
Derivatives
Origin
Mid 17th century (also in the sense 'traverse'): from Latinpervadere, from per- 'throughout' + vadere 'go'.
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