oblivion, commit, memorize, additionality, commit to memory

From Tagore's hand, committed in Hungary, 1926: Bengali and English


Researchers at Oxford University have compiled a “scientific assessment about the possibility of oblivion”

The 12 terrifying ways researchers think human civilisation is most likely to end

INDEPENDENT.CO.UK

Sorry, Memorizing Doesn't Make You a Better Musician. Or Does It?

Memorization can liberate a performer, but it can also inhibit them, creating an unnecessary fear of forgetting the music.

Industrial countries can meet part of their commitments under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol to battle global warming by financing projects that mitigate emissions in developing nations. Projects only qualify for credits if the applicants prove they would not have been built anyway, a condition known as “additionality”.

根据英国《金融时报》的一项分析，中国现已获得1.53亿碳信用额(carbon credits)，价值超过10亿美元，这几乎占CDM过去5年发放的总信用额的一半。每个碳信用额当前的交易价格约为10至15美元。CDM由联合国负责管理。
工业化国家可通过资助发展中国家的减排项目，来部分兑现它们在1997年《京都议定书》(Kyoto Protocol)中的承诺。《京都议定书》旨在对抗全球变暖。只有在申请者证明如果没有外来资助就不会建设相关项目的情况下，这些项目才有资格获得碳信 用额，这项条件被称为“额外性”。

Additionality and Its Importance

This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (August 2008)

It is also important for any carbon credit (offset) to prove a concept called additionality. The concept of additionality addresses the question of whether the project would have happened anyway, even in the absence of revenue from carbon credits. Only carbon credits from projects that are "additional to" the business-as-usual scenario represent a net environmental benefit. Carbon projects that yield strong financial returns even in the absence of revenue from carbon credits; or that are compelled by regulations; or that represent common practice in an industry are usually not considered additional, although a full determination of additionality requires specialist review.
It is generally agreed that voluntary carbon offset projects must also prove additionality in order to ensure the legitimacy of the environmental stewardship claims resulting from the retirement of the carbon credit (offset). According the World Resources Institute/World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WRI/WBCSD) : "GHG emission trading programs operate by capping the emissions of a fixed number of individual facilities or sources. Under these programs, tradable 'offset credits' are issued for project-based GHG reductions that occur at sources not covered by the program. Each offset credit allows facilities whose emissions are capped to emit more, in direct proportion to the GHG reductions represented by the credit. The idea is to achieve a zero net increase in GHG emissions, because each tonne of increased emissions is 'offset' by project-based GHG reductions. The difficulty is that many projects that reduce GHG emissions (relative to historical levels) would happen regardless of the existence of a GHG program and without any concern for climate change mitigation. If a project 'would have happened anyway,' then issuing offset credits for its GHG reductions will actually allow a positive net increase in GHG emissions, undermining the emissions target of the GHG program. Additionality is thus critical to the success and integrity of GHG programs that recognize project-based GHG reductions."


commit to memory

Learn by heart, memorize, as in The director insisted that the altos commit their part to memory by Tuesday. First recorded in 1875, this phrase today is often replaced by the shorter memorize.



He commits to forging new relationship.

commit
v., -mit·ted, -mit·ting, -mits. v.tr.

1. To do, perform, or perpetrate: commit a murder.
2. To put in trust or charge; entrust: commit oneself to the care of a doctor; commit responsibilities to an assistant.
3. To place officially in confinement or custody, as in a mental health facility.
4. To consign for future use or reference or for preservation: commit the secret code to memory.
5. To put into a place to be kept safe or to be disposed of.
6. 1. To make known the views of (oneself) on an issue: I never commit myself on such issues.
   2. To bind or obligate, as by a pledge: They were committed to follow orders.
7. To refer (a legislative bill, for example) to a committee.

v.intr.
To pledge or obligate one's own self: felt that he was too young to commit fully to marriage.

[Middle English committen, from Latin committere : com-, com- + mittere, to send.]

committable com·mit'ta·ble adj.

SYNONYMS commit, consign, entrust, confide, relegate. These verbs mean to give over to another for a purpose such as care or safekeeping. Commit has the widest application: The troops were committed to the general's charge. I committed the sonata to memory. The patient was committed to the hospital. To consign is to transfer to another's custody or charge: The owner consigned the paintings to a dealer for sale. Entrust and confide stress trust in another: The task was too dangerous to be entrusted to a child. She confided her plans to her family. To relegate is to assign to a specific and especially an inferior category or position: Some scientists relegate parapsychology to the sphere of quackery.

• [kəmít][動]（〜・ted, 〜・ting）(他)

1 〈罪・過失などを〉犯す

commit larceny
盗みを働く

commit a blunder
大失敗をする

commit suicide
自殺する

Thou shalt not commit adultery.
汝姦淫(かんいん)するなかれ〈《聖書》出エジプト記20：14〉.

2 ［III[名][副]］〈権限などを〉（人に）委任する, 委託する；〈人・物を〉（人の）世話［保護］に任せる, ゆだねる((to ...))；〈人に〉（…することを）義務づける((to do, to doing))

commit one's child to a person ［＝a person's care］
子供の世話を人に託す

commit one's soul to God
魂を神にゆだねる.

3 ［III[名][副]］〈人を〉（施設に）引き渡す, 収容する, 収監する, 入れる；入院させる；〈兵を〉（戦場などへ）送る((to ...))

commit a person to jail ［prison］
人を投獄する.

4 ［III[名][副]］〈考えなどを〉（記録・記憶などに）留めておく, とどめる((to ...)). ▼to以下の語には冠詞・所有代名詞はつかない

commit one's ideas to writing
考えを書き留める

commit these words to print
この言葉を印刷する.

5 ((〜 -selfまたは受身))
(1) （問題について）自分の立場［態度, 考え］を明言する((on ...))；（意見・態度を明示して）動きのとれない立場に身を置く；（…に）打ち込んで［のめり込んで］いる, 自分の運命を託す((to ...))；（…すると）のっぴきならない約束をする, 誓う((to do, to doing))

The candidate has not committed himself on this question.
候補者はその問題についてまだ態度を表明していない

She had committed herself to helping ［＝to help］ him.
彼女は彼を手伝うと約束していた

She is too deeply committed to the project to draw back.
計画にあまり深入りしすぎて手を引けなくなっている.

(2) 元に戻れない状態にする.

6 〈金・時間などを〉（…に）充てる((to ...)).

7 〈名誉・名声を〉危くする（おそれがあることをする）.

8 ((文))…にゆだねる((to ...))

commit ... to the flames
…を焼く

commit the body to the waves
死体を水葬する

commit one's troubles to oblivion
悩みを忘れさる.

9 〈法案などを〉（審議のため委員会に）付託する.

━━(自)（…を）約束する((to ...)).

［ラテン語committere （com-対して＋mittere送る＝ある人に対して送る→ゆだねる）］

oblivionLine breaks: ob¦liv|ion

Pronunciation: /əˈblɪvɪən 

  

/

Definition of oblivion in English:

NOUN

[MASS NOUN]

1The state of being unaware or unconscious of what ishappening around one:they drank themselves into oblivion

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1.1The state of being forgotten, especially by thepublic:his name will fade into oblivion

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1.2Destruction or extinction:only our armed forces stood between us and oblivion

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2Law , historical Amnesty or pardon.

Origin

late Middle English: via Old French from Latin oblivio(n-), from oblivisci 'forget'.

oblivion[ob・liv・i・on] 発音記号[əblíviən]

[名][U]

1 （世間などから）忘れられている状態；忘れて［ぼんやりして］いる状態, 無意識の状態

pass ［fall, sink］ into oblivion
世に忘れ去られる

the river of oblivion
（よみの国の）忘却の川(Lethe).

2 《法律》恩赦, 大赦

an act of oblivion
大赦令.

memorize

Line breaks: mem¦or|ize

Pronunciation: /ˈmɛmərʌɪz /

(also memorise)

VERB

[WITH OBJECT]

Commit to memory; learn by heart:he memorized thousands of verses

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Derivatives

memorizable

ADJECTIVE

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memorization

Pronunciation: /-ˈzeɪʃ(ə)n/

NOUN

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memorizer

NOUN

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