confound, reductive, reduction, all else equal, confounding factors

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Sarah Siddons was the outstanding tragic actress of her time. Gainsborough is reported to have had difficulties with her nose and to have exclaimed, ‘Confound the nose, there’s no end to it’:http://bit.ly/1Gpi6yb

THE ALLURE OF TEACHER QUALITY
A focus on "teacher quality" has been a dominant reform paradigm over the past few years, and its allure as the key ingredient to student success is powerful but reductive, writes Matthew Di Carlo on the Shanker Blog. Its appeal has been fueled by the availability of datasets that link teachers to students, as research on test-based effectiveness has grown in size and sophistication. And it is true, Di Carlo says: Analysis after analysis finds that all else equal, the effect of "top" versus "bottom" teachers is large. Even when some variation is attributable to confounding factors, discrepancies are still larger than with any other measured input. But the essential question, Di Carlo writes, is whether and how we can measure teacher performance at the individual level and thereby (more importantly) enhance teacher performance. This information is from the PEN NewsBlast.

Barclays' Board Is Heckled Over Pay Facing angry shareholders, the British banking giant pledged to reduce executive pay levels in favor of its investors and apologized for poor communication.

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reductive[re・duc・tive]

• 発音記号[ridʌ'ktiv]

[形]

1 縮小［減少］する.

2 転化する, 変換する, 復元［還元］する.

re・duc・tive・ly

[副]縮小して.

 (rĭ-dŭk'tĭv)
adj.

1. Of or relating to reduction.
2. Relating to, being an instance of, or exhibiting reductionism.
3. Relating to or being an instance of reductivism.

reductively re·duc'tive·ly adv.


  reduction

 (rĭ-dŭk'shən)
n.

1. The act or process of reducing.
2. The result of reducing: a reduction in absenteeism.
3. The amount by which something is lessened or diminished: a reduction of 12 percent in violent crime.
4. Biology. The first meiotic division, in which the chromosome number is reduced. Also called reduction division.
5. Chemistry.
   1. A decrease in positive valence or an increase in negative valence by the gaining of electrons.
   2. A reaction in which hydrogen is combined with a compound.
   3. A reaction in which oxygen is removed from a compound.
6. Mathematics.
   1. The canceling of common factors in the numerator and denominator of a fraction.
   2. The converting of a fraction to its decimal equivalent.
   3. The converting of an expression or equation to its simplest form.

[Middle English reduccion, restoration, from Old French reduction, from Latin reductiō, reductiōn-, from reductus, past participle of redūcere, to bring back. See reduce.]

reductional re·duc'tion·al adj.

[名]

1 [U][C]減少, 縮小；割引；[U]変形, 転化；[C]減少［縮小］した数量, 割引高

at a reduction of 20 percent
2割引で

make a 5 percent reduction in price
5分だけ値引きする.

2 [U][C]縮図, 縮写.

3 [U][C]《生物》減数［還元］分裂.

4 [U]《化学》還元.

5 [U]《数学》約分, 通分, 換算.

6 [U]《哲学》（現象学で）還元

transcendental reduction
超越論的還元.

7 [U]格下げ；零落；征服, 鎮圧.

re・duc・tion・al

[形]

re・duc・tion・al・ly

[副]

confound[con・found]

• レベル：社会人必須
• 発音記号[kɑnfáund | kən-]

[動](他)

1 ((しばしば受身))〈人を〉困惑させる, まごつかせる

be confounded at ［by］ ...
…にうろたえる.

2 ((形式))〈敵などを〉打ち破る；〈計画・希望などを〉くじく

confound a plot
陰謀をくじく.

3 …を（…と）混同する, 誤って同一視する((with ...))

confound right with ［and］ wrong
正邪を混同する

confound him with his brother
彼とその弟を取り違える.

4 ((古風))((軽いののしり))いまいましい, くそ, ちくしょう. ▼damnほど下品ではない

Confound it！

有的辭典將Confound it (you). 翻譯成"該死的"，"你混蛋"。
其實它只是有點被惹惱、稍火大而已


しまった, いまいましい.

5 …に論駁(ろんばく)する.

6 〈問題などを〉さらに混乱させる.

［アングロフランス語←ラテン語confundere （con-共に＋fundere注ぐ＝ごちゃごちゃに注ぐ）. △CONFUSE］

confound

Pronunciation: /kənˈfaʊnd/

Definition of confound in English:

verb

[WITH OBJECT]

1Cause surprise or confusion in (someone), especially by not according with their expectations:the inflation figure confounded economic analysts

1.1Prove (a theory or expectation) wrong:the rise in prices confounded expectations

1.2Defeat (a plan, aim, or hope):we will confound these tactics by the pressure groups

1.3archaic Overthrow (an enemy):God chose to use natural disorders to confound Pharaoh and the gods of Egypt

2Mix up (something) with something else:he was forever confounding managerialism with idealism

exclamation

datedBack to top  

Used to express anger or annoyance:oh confound it, where is the thing?

Origin

Middle English: from Old French confondre, from Latinconfundere 'pour together, mix up'. Compare withconfuse.

	新聞傳播學名詞	confounding effect	混淆效應
2	新聞傳播學名詞	confounding variable	混淆變項
3	行政學名詞	confounding factor	擾亂因素
4	心理學名詞	confounding variable	混淆變項
5	數學名詞	partial confounding	部分混同
6	數學名詞	confounding	混雜[法]；混雜設計；包絡設計
7	數學名詞	confounded arrangement	混雜排列