今天才知道,在我宜蘭老家附近,有一種原住民的語言,叫做「宜蘭克里奧爾語」(Yilan Creole),這是源自於日語與泰雅語(Atayal)的語言接觸,這種語言誕生於日本統治台灣時期(1895-1945年)。
宜蘭克里奧爾語的形成與1910至1930年代的日本對台統治政策密切相關。當時,台灣總督府為加強對山地原住民的管理,將原本住在山上的泰雅族與賽德克族遷移至宜蘭東澳周邊的東岳村、金洋村、澳花村及寒溪村。這些不同語言群體的混居,意外使得日語成為溝通的共同語,並隨著1930年代的對台教育政策深化,這一代的泰雅族人逐漸以日語為第一語言,同時也與母語融合,形成了宜蘭克里奧爾語。
儘管日本於1945年因為戰敗撤退,宜蘭克里奧爾語卻依舊在當地原住民社群中延續。不過,自1980年代起,國民黨政府推行國語政策,導致年輕世代的使用率迅速下降。2018年的估算顯示,會使用宜蘭克里奧爾語溝通的人數最多約3,000人,主要集中在60歲以上的族群。中央研究院的調查顯示,20歲以下的使用者占比不到5%,語言恐在30年內消失。
在語音系統方面,宜蘭克里奧爾語保留了日語的音節結構,但也融合了泰雅語的聲門化子音。母音系統仍以日語的五母音為主,但部分來自漢語的借詞中則出現鼻母音。值得注意的是,在東岳村的高齡話者中,仍可聽見日語「ゐ(wi)」「ゑ(we)」的發音,這為歷史語言學提供了珍貴資料。
在語法方面,宜蘭克里奧爾語的格標記系統受日語影響,採用「-ni」「-de」等助詞,但疑問句的形成則受到泰雅語焦點系統的影響。動詞的時態區分與日語相同,維持過去/非過去之分,但完成體則採用了泰雅語的「malu」作為標記。可能表達中,日語的「れる・られる」並未直接保留,而是透過「rekiru(できる)」作為補助動詞,例如「hanasu-rekiru(話すことができる)」,這顯示出典型的克里奧爾語文法簡化趨勢。
詞彙方面,宜蘭克里奧爾語約65-70%來自日語,20-25%來自泰雅語,其餘則為漢語與台語借詞。基礎詞彙如身體部位、親屬稱謂多源自日語,而自然現象的詞彙則仍以泰雅語為主,例如「雷」並非日語的「かみなり」,而是泰雅語的「blaq」。這種詞彙選擇模式與語言接觸理論相符,顯示在描述自然環境時,基層語言往往更具穩定性。
不過,現在宜蘭克里奧爾語的存續正面臨挑戰。2018年的研究顯示,10代話者比例低於5%,30代話者亦僅約15%。這主要受到教育政策與社會變遷影響,學校內以普通話授課,家庭環境中漢語的使用比例也不斷上升。此外,1990年代後的經濟發展導致人口向城市遷移,加速了傳統語言社群的瓦解。
語言態度的變遷亦影響了宜蘭克里奧爾語的傳承。調查顯示,許多年輕人將其視為「落後的鄉村語言」,不願意學習,而年長者則多將其稱為「nihongo(日本語)」,帶有對日治時期的歷史回憶。此外,不同村落對該語言的稱呼也有所差異,如東岳村的「tang-ow no ke」與寒溪村的「kangke no hanasi」,顯示不同社群對自身語言的認同方式。
學術界對於宜蘭克里奧爾語的分類仍有爭議。真田・簡(2010)將其定義為「克里奧爾語」,但中央研究院語言學研究所研究員的陳彥伶(2024)則認為,其語法結構仍高度接近日語,泰雅語的影響僅限於語序與焦點標記,因此主張以「鄉土型泰雅日語(Vernacular Atayalic Japanese)」來分類。這場爭論的核心在於語法簡化程度的判斷,宜蘭克里奧爾語保留了日語的動詞變化(如「-ます」「-た」),顯示文法弱化程度有限。然而,某些動詞結構的創新用法(如「tabe-rasyeru(食べさせる)」)則與典型克里奧爾語的發展趨勢相符。
在國際學術界,語言學數據庫Glottolog 5.0(2024)根據陳的分類,將宜蘭克里奧爾語歸為「日琉語族」,但這一分類仍具爭議。語言比較分析顯示,宜蘭克里奧爾語與日語的基礎詞彙相似度為62%,與泰雅語則為18%,這一結果可作為判定其語言歸屬的重要參考。
宜蘭克里奧爾語是20世紀歷史下的語言接觸產物,其語言結構展現了日語的骨幹與泰雅語的語用特性。學術界對其分類仍存爭議,但無論如何,它作為東亞語言接觸研究的典型案例,具有無可取代的學術價值。未來,透過AI技術與跨國合作研究,或許能為這門瀕危語言找到新的傳承模式。
這裡的咖啡豆質素固然好,但其實店內那些自行調配的咖啡,更合我的胃口。我試了一杯Creolo Blend (sic),那是店員特別為我量身調配的咖啡,用上哥倫比亞和巴西咖啡豆配搭而成。喝一口,極香、極濃、極苦,香醇不已,當下便買了一大包。看著店員用最傳統的繩藝包好每一袋咖啡,心想,賣咖啡也如此細心,難怪連英國女皇喝後,也讓它成為皇室指定的咖啡供應商。
lion
- A very brave person.
- A person regarded as fierce or savage.
- A noted person; a celebrity: a literary lion.
pidgin
(pĭj'ən)
pidgin
n.
A simplified form of speech that is usually a mixture of two or more languages, has a rudimentary grammar and vocabulary, is used for communication between groups speaking different languages, and is not spoken as a first or native language. Also called contact language.
[From PIDGIN ENGLISH.]
Creoles
The French term créole is used to designate either a person (in the West Indies specifically a white person of French origin) born in the former colonies, or forms of language (in some islands also known as patois) spoken in Martinique, Guadeloupe with its dependencies, Guyane, Haiti, parts of Louisiana, the Commonwealth countries of Dominica, St Lucia, Grenada, and Trinidad, as well as the Indian Ocean islands of Reunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues, and the Seychelles. It is this latter sense which will be treated here, with special reference to the Caribbean.French (or ‘French-based’) creoles are contact languages born, in the case of the West Indies, as a result of the meeting of French colonizes and slaves brought from West Africa in the 17th and 18th c. [see Colonization]. Today they are the native language of the majority of the population in the French West Indian départements and in Haiti, and to a lesser extent in Dominica and St Lucia, but survive only marginally in Grenada and Trinidad.
on the side
1 in addition to your main job:
He makes a little money on the side by cleaning windows in his spare time.
2 secretly:
I think he has another woman on the side (= a relationship with a woman who is not his wife).
3 MAINLY US (of food in a restaurant) served on another plate, or not on part of the meal:
I'd like a salad with the dressing on the side (= with the dressing served separately from the salad), please.
I'll have a omelette with fries on the side, please.
fieldwork
noun [U]
study which consists of practical activities that are done away from your school, college or place of workmacho
adjective INFORMAL MAINLY DISAPPROVING
behaving forcefully or showing no emotion in a way traditionally thought to be typical of a man:
He's too macho to admit he was hurt when his girlfriend left him.
I can't stand macho men.
pub crawl noun [C] UK INFORMAL
a visit to several pubs, one after the other, having a drink or drinks at each one:
We went on a pub crawl on Saturday night.
penchant
noun [C usually singular]
a liking for, an enjoyment of, or a habit of doing something, especially something that other people might not like:
a penchant for melodrama/skiing/exotic clothes
Her penchant for disappearing for days at a time worries her family.
bastard (UNPLEASANT)
noun [C] OFFENSIVE
an unpleasant person:
He was a bastard to his wife.
You lied to me, you bastard!
HUMOROUS You won again? You lucky bastard (= I don't think you deserve it)!
This crossword's a bastard (= very difficult).
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