public, citizen, " public citizen ", Public Defender, public intellectual, public health, public school, PREAMBLE: A LAWYER'S RESPONSIBILITIES

最近 2008  Public Citizen見報
有各種翻譯
如下三種:

「公民(Public Citizen)」

... 「公共市民(Public Citizen)」對於治療骨質疏鬆症的Teriparatide提出警告 ... 2003 年4月4 日-公共市民(Public Citizen)第一次警告美國食品與藥物管理局(FDA) 不應批准 ...

华盛顿2003-10-29 消费者民主组织Public Citizen（公众PC，下同）向FDA递交了抗抑郁药 ... Public Citizen 坚持该药的肝毒性危险源于其能抑制一种关键酶，而这种酶参予 ..

(美國) 法人組織 Public Citizen參考 Public Citizen v 肉毒桿菌美容
因為是法人 所以建設不翻譯 即採用原名


至於下文 [英文版] 美国律师协会职业行为示范规则(2004版)（序言）PREAMBLE: A LAWYER'S RESPONSIBILITIES中之" public citizen " 意思為 "公民"......


A public defender is a lawyer appointed to represent people who otherwise cannot reasonably afford to hire a lawyer to defend themselves in a trial.「公共事務捍衛者/律師」

pub・lic

--> ━━ a. 公共の, 公衆の, 公の; 公務の; 公衆用の, 公立の, 公開の; 公然の; 知れ渡った.
go public　株式を一般公開する.
make public　公表する.
━━ n. 公衆, 国民, 社会; 世間; …界, 仲間; （特定の作家や本の）読者, （音楽家の）聴衆.
in public　人前に［で］; 公然と.
public good [benefit, interest(s)]　公益.
public access　（the ～） 一般大衆のある土地［地域］に近づく［入る］権利.
public access television [channel]　〔米〕 視聴者制作テレビ放送（のチャンネル）.
public access terminal　【コンピュータ】公衆アクセス端末.
public accountant　公共会計士.
public-address sstem　拡声装置.
public affairs　公共のことがら.
pub・li・can　━━ n. 〔英〕 パブ(pub)の主人; （古ローマの）収税吏.
public assistance　生活保護.
public bar　〔英〕 （パブの）大衆席.
public bill　一般法律案.
public carrier　【コンピュータ】公衆［一般］通信事業者.
public company　〔英〕 【経済】（株式の）公開会社.
public convenience　〔英〕 （駅・デパートなどの）公衆便所.
public corporation　〔英〕 公共企業体, 公社.
public debt　【財政】公共負債.
public defender　〔米〕 公選弁護人.
public deposit　【金融】公金預金, 国家預金 ((中央銀行に預けられる国家の省庁の勘定)).
public domain　〔米〕 （国や州の）公有地; 著作［特許］権消滅状態.
in the public domain　（著作権・特許権消失により）自由に使用できる.
public domain software　【コンピュータ】パブリック・ドメイン・ソフトウェア ((略 PDS)).
public education　公教育.
public enemy　公敵, 社会の敵.
public examination　〔英〕 【法】（破産宣言をする者の法廷での）公開審問.
public finance　【財政】財政, 国家［地方］財政, 財政資金（調達）, 公共的財源（確保）.
public finance accountant　〔英〕 【会計】公共財政の会計担当勅許［公認］会計士, 公共勅許会計士.
public health　公衆衛生（学）.
public holiday　祝日, 祭日.
public house　〔英〕 居酒屋, パブ; 宿屋.
public housing　〔米〕 （低所得者用の）公営住宅.
public inquiry　（事故原因などの）公式調査.
public issue　【株】（株や債券の）公募; 公募債 （publicly issued bond）.
pub・li・cist　━━ n. 国際法学者; 政治評論家［記者］; 宣伝係.
pub・lic・i・ty
　━━ n. 知れ渡ること, 周知; 公表; 評判; 宣伝, 広告（業）.
publicity agent [man]　広告代理業者; 宣伝係.
pub・li・cize　━━ vt. 宣伝［広告，公表］する.
public key　【コンピュータ】公開鍵.
public key cipher　公開鍵暗号.
public law　公法.
Public Lending Right　公貸(こうたい)権 ((図書館での公共の貸出しに対して著者が著作権料支払を要求できる権利)).
public limited company　〔英〕 【商業】公開有限責任会社.
pub・lic・ly　━━ ad. 公然と; 世論で; 公的に, 政府によって.
public monopoly　【経済】公的独占.
public network　【コンピュータ】公衆通信回線.
public nuisance　【法】公的不法妨害; 公害; 〔話〕 厄介者.
public opinion (poll)　世論（調査）.
public ownership　（特定の産業などの）国有（権）.
public policy　公序良俗.
public property　公共財産.
public prosecutor　検察官.
public purse　（the ～） 国庫.
public relations　((単複両扱い)) 広報活動, PR; 広報部［課］; 企業の社会との関係; （世間の）受け, 評判.
public relations officer　広報［渉外］担当官.
public sale　【法】公売.
public school　〔米・スコットランド〕 公立学校; 〔英〕 パブリック・スクール ((寄宿制私立中学・高校)).
public sector　（the ～） 公共部門, 公営企業.
public servant [official]　公務員.
public service　〔米〕 公共事業; 公務; 公共［社会］奉仕.
public-service corporation　〔米〕 公益事業会社.
Public Service nterprise Group　パブリック・サービス・エンタープライズ・グループ ((米国の電気・ガス供給会社)).
public speaking　演説（法）.
public spending　【財政】公共支出.
public spirit　公共心.
public-spirited　a. 公共心のある.
public television　〔米〕 公共テレビ放送.
public transport　公共輸送機関.
public utility　公益事業.
public warehouse　公益倉庫 ((貨物を一時保管する私営・公営の港湾倉庫)).
public works　〔米〕 公共土木事業.

public intellectual

- Wiktionary

ージを訳す

public intellectual (plural public intellectuals). (idiomatic) A well-known, intelligent, learned person whose written works and other social and cultural contributions are recognized not only by academic audiences and readers, but also by many ...

cit・i・zen

,

--> ━━ n. 市民, 公民; 人民; 住民; 都会人; 文民; 国民.
citizen-friendly　━━ a. （法律用語などが分かりやすくて）（一般）市民に優しい.
citizen of the world　世界人, コスモポリタン.
cit・i・zen・ry　━━ n. （普通the ～） ((単複両扱い)) 市民.
Citizens Advice Bureau　〔英〕 （the ～） 市民相談協会 ((法律その他の問題に無料で助言する民間団体)).
citizen's arrest　民間人による逮捕行為.
citizens' band　（時にC- B-） 民間周波数帯 ((トランシーバーなど民間の近距離連絡用；略CB)).
cit・i・zen・ship　━━ n. 市民の身分, 公民［市民］権.

Definition:

1. legal resident of country: somebody who has the right to live in a country because he or she was born there or has been legally accepted as a permanent resident

2. county, town, or city dweller: a permanent resident of a county, town, or city

3. civilian: somebody who is not a member of the armed forces, a police officer, or a public official

[13th century. <> citezein<> citeain<> civitat- (see city)]

[英文版] 美国律师协会职业行为示范规则(2004版)（序言）

PREAMBLE: A LAWYER'S RESPONSIBILITIES

[1] A lawyer, as a member of the legal profession, is a representative of clients, an officer of the legal system and a public citizen having special responsibility for the quality of justice.

[2] As a representative of clients, a lawyer performs various functions. As advisor, a lawyer provides a client with an informed understanding of the client's legal rights and obligations and explains their practical implications. As advocate, a lawyer zealously asserts the client's position under the rules of the adversary system. As negotiator, a lawyer seeks a result advantageous to the client but consistent with requirements of honest dealings with others. As an evaluator, a lawyer acts by examining a client's legal affairs and reporting about them to the client or to others.

[3] In addition to these representational functions, a lawyer may serve as a third-party neutral, a nonrepresentational role helping the parties to resolve a dispute or other matter. Some of these Rules apply directly to lawyers who are or have served as third-party neutrals. See, e.g., Rules 1.12 and 2.4. In addition, there are Rules that apply to lawyers who are not active in the practice of law or to practicing lawyers even when they are acting in a nonprofessional capacity. For example, a lawyer who commits fraud in the conduct of a business is subject to discipline for engaging in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation. See Rule 8.4.

[4] In all professional functions a lawyer should be competent, prompt and diligent. A lawyer should maintain communication with a client concerning the representation. A lawyer should keep in confidence information relating to representation of a client except so far as disclosure is required or permitted by the Rules of Professional Conduct or other law.

[5] A lawyer's conduct should conform to the requirements of the law, both in professional service to clients and in the lawyer's business and personal affairs. A lawyer should use the law's procedures only for legitimate purposes and not to harass or intimidate others. A lawyer should demonstrate respect for the legal system and for those who serve it, including judges, other lawyers and public officials. While it is a lawyer's duty, when necessary, to challenge the rectitude of official action, it is also a lawyer's duty to uphold legal process.

[6] As a public citizen, a lawyer should seek improvement of the law, access to the legal system, the administration of justice and the quality of service rendered by the legal profession. As a member of a learned profession, a lawyer should cultivate knowledge of the law beyond its use for clients, employ that knowledge in reform of the law and work to strengthen legal education. In addition, a lawyer should further the public's understanding of and confidence in the rule of law and the justice system because legal institutions in a constitutional democracy depend on popular participation and support to maintain their authority. A lawyer should be mindful of deficiencies in the administration of justice and of the fact that the poor, and sometimes persons who are not poor, cannot afford adequate legal assistance. Therefore, all lawyers should devote professional time and resources and use civic influence to ensure equal access to our system of justice for all those who because of economic or social barriers cannot afford or secure adequate legal counsel. A lawyer should aid the legal profession in pursuing these objectives and should help the bar regulate itself in the public interest.

[7] Many of a lawyer's professional responsibilities are prescribed in the Rules of Professional Conduct, as well as substantive and procedural law. However, a lawyer is also guided by personal conscience and the approbation of professional peers. A lawyer should strive to attain the highest level of skill, to improve the law and the legal profession and to exemplify the legal profession's ideals of public service.

[8] A lawyer's responsibilities as a representative of clients, an officer of the legal system and a public citizen are usually harmonious. Thus, when an opposing party is well represented, a lawyer can be a zealous advocate on behalf of a client and at the same time assume that justice is being done. So also, a lawyer can be sure that preserving client confidences ordinarily serves the public interest because people are more likely to seek legal advice, and thereby heed their legal obligations, when they know their communications will be private.

[9] In the nature of law practice, however, conflicting responsibilities are encountered. Virtually all difficult ethical problems arise from conflict between a lawyer's responsibilities to clients, to the legal system and to the lawyer's own interest in remaining an ethical person while earning a satisfactory living. The Rules of Professional Conduct often prescribe terms for resolving such conflicts. Within the framework of these Rules, however, many difficult issues of professional discretion can arise. Such issues must be resolved through the exercise of sensitive professional and moral judgment guided by the basic principles underlying the Rules. These principles include the lawyer's obligation zealously to protect and pursue a client's legitimate interests, within the bounds of the law, while maintaining a professional, courteous and civil attitude toward all persons involved in the legal system.

[10] The legal profession is largely self-governing. Although other professions also have been granted powers of self-government, the legal profession is unique in this respect because of the close relationship between the profession and the processes of government and law enforcement. This connection is manifested in the fact that ultimate authority over the legal profession is vested largely in the courts.

[11] To the extent that lawyers meet the obligations of their professional calling, the occasion for government regulation is obviated. Self-regulation also helps maintain the legal profession's independence from government domination. An independent legal profession is an important force in preserving government under law, for abuse of legal authority is more readily challenged by a profession whose members are not dependent on government for the right to practice.

[12] The legal profession's relative autonomy carries with it special responsibilities of self-government. The profession has a responsibility to assure that its regulations are conceived in the public interest and not in furtherance of parochial or self-interested concerns of the bar. Every lawyer is responsible for observance of the Rules of Professional Conduct. A lawyer should also aid in securing their observance by other lawyers. Neglect of these responsibilities compromises the independence of the profession and the public interest which it serves.

[13] Lawyers play a vital role in the preservation of society. The fulfillment of this role requires an understanding by lawyers of their relationship to our legal system. The Rules of Professional Conduct, when properly applied, serve to define that relationship.