【#逐字學英文國際日報】79：instinct, sphincter, morality, windpipe, fits of sneezing, feces,

Animal instinct – George Stubbs at MK Gallery, reviewed: https://www.apollo-magazine.com/george-stubbs-mk-gallery-r…/

The painter’s forensic study of his subjects allowed him to portray them with a startling emotional depth, writes Tom Stammers

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APOLLO-MAGAZINE.COM

George Stubbs’s animal instinct | Apollo Magazine

The treatment may sound appalling, but it works.
Transplanting feces from a healthy person into the gut of one who is sick can quickly cure severe intestinal infections caused by a dangerous type of bacteria that antibiotics often cannot control.
這種療法可能駭人聽聞，但是療效很好。
把健康人的糞便灌入病人的腸道，就可以迅速治癒一種嚴重的腸道感染。造成這種感染的病菌很危險，抗生素常常無法控制。

The sexual instinct during pregenital phases is auto-erotic and is linked to particular zones (the oral cavity, anus), the location of this erotic pleasure depending on the degree of maturity (sucking in infancy, the pleasure of stool retention and expulsion when acquiring sphincter control). Freud made direct observations, which he then described, such as the pleasure of the baby feeding at its mother's breast or the adolescent masturbating. In these pregenital stages the sexual instinct consists of component instincts such as the sadistic instinct, the instinct for knowledge, the instinct for mastery, these nonerotic components being directed toward the object. (These component instincts often appear as pairs of opposites, for example, the instinct to see and be seen.) The great variety and diversity of these component instincts led Freud to declare that children were polymorphously perverse, each of these instincts being capable of continuing later in life in certain adult perversions (voyeurism and sadism, for instance). But this predisposition could also "be regarded as the source of a number of our virtues, in so far as through reaction-formation it stimulates their development" (Freud, 1905d, p. 239).

The Turner prize show: voices, videos and erotic tickling sticks

Has the Turner prize lost its power to shock? No – thanks to James Richards’s sphincter* shots. But it’s Tris Vonna-Michell’s spellbinding spoken-word travelogues that deserve to win

• Video: 30 years of the Turner prize
• Censored bits and candy-coloured prints – the Turner prize 2014 in pictures

 instinct とは【意味】本能,直観... 【例文】animal instincts...

*sphincter

[名]解剖括約筋.

sphincter

Line breaks: sphinc|ter

Pronunciation: /ˈsfɪŋktə /

NOUN

Anatomy

A ring of muscle surrounding and serving to guard orclose an opening or tube, such as the anus or theopenings of the stomach:the anal sphincter

MORE EXAMPLE SENTENCES

Origin

late 16th century: via Latin from Greek sphinktēr, fromsphingein 'bind tight'.

sphincter
[名]《解剖学》括約筋.
A sphincter is a structure, or a circular muscle, that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning. There are over 50 different sphincters in the human body; some of these sphincters are microscopic in size, in particular the precapillary sphincters.^[1]

Contents [hide] 1 Functions 2 Classifications 3 Examples of sphincters 4 References

Functions

Sphincters prove effective in the mediation of the entrance or release of liquids and fluids; this is evident, for example, in the blowholes of numerous marine mammals.
Many sphincters are used everyday in the normal course of digestion. For example, the epiglottis is used to seal off the windpipe when swallowing, so as to ensure that no food or liquid enters the lungs. The function of the epiglottis is a typical example of an involuntary action by the body.

Classifications

Sphincters can be further classified into functional and anatomical sphincters:

• Anatomical sphincters have a localised and often circular muscle thickening to facilitate their action as a sphincter.
• Functional sphincters do not have this localised muscle thickening and achieve their sphincteric action indirectly through muscle contraction around (extrinsic) or within (intrinsic) the structure.

Sphincters can also be voluntarily or involuntarily controlled:

• Voluntary sphincters are supplied by somatic nerves.
• Involuntary sphincters are stimulated by autonomic nerves.

Examples of sphincters

Diagram of Ileocaecal valve and sphincter

• The sphincter pupillae, or pupillary sphincter, belonging to the iris in the eye.
• The orbicularis oculi muscle, a muscle around the eye.
• The orbicularis oris muscle, a muscle around the mouth.
• The upper esophageal sphincter.
• The cardia/lower esophageal sphincter, or cardiac sphincter at the upper portion of the stomach. This sphincter prevents the acidic contents of the stomach from moving upward into the esophagus.
• The pyloric sphincter, at the lower end of the stomach.
• The ileocecal sphincter at the junction of the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine, which functions to limit the reflux of colonic contents back into the ileum.
• The sphincter of Oddi, or Glisson's sphincter, controlling secretions from the liver, pancreas and gall bladder into the duodenum.
• The sphincter urethrae, or urethral sphincter, controlling the exit of urine from the body.
• At the anus, there are two sphincters which control the exit of feces from the body (see internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter). The inner

windpipe	(noun) Membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi.[名]気管(trachea).
Synonyms:	trachea
Usage:	Poisonous vapors … crept like evil spirits over the ship, stealing into the nostrils and windpipes of the unwary and causing fits of sneezing and coughing.