vice versa, conundrum, Jesuits, missionary,recorder

 

The Chinese Recorder 《教務雜誌》

• 書名：The Chinese Recorder and Missionary Journal （全套 75 冊）
• 編輯委員：汪靈光、查時傑（主編）、項潔
• 出版資訊：臺大出版中心、基督教與中國研究中心， 2012年2月10日 ， ISBN： 978-986-02-7510-0
• The Chinese Recorder《教務雜誌》全套75冊首次完整問世，內容詳載1867~1941 西方宣教士在中國信息交流全記錄。

Jesuits ：耶穌會士。詳見 Society of Jesus 。

Society of Jesus ：耶穌會：由聖納爵．羅耀拉 St. Ignatius de Loyola 于 1540? 年所創立，從事教育文化、外方傳教、大眾傳播、社會 … 等工作。俗稱 Jesuits 。

n. Roman Catholic Church
An order of regular clergy, founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534, that is strongly committed to education, theological scholarship, and missionary work.The society had its beginnings in the small band of six who together with St. Ignatius took vows of poverty and chastity while students at Paris. Their first plan was to work for the conversion of Muslims. Unable to go to the Holy Land because of the Turkish wars, they went to Rome and received ordination. Their constitution was approved by Pope Paul III (1540), and St. Ignatius was made (1541) general. The order then immediately began to expand.

Jesus ：耶穌：意為上主施救 Yahweh is salvation ，亦即救世主；為天使向聖母報告喜訊時所取之名（瑪一 21 ）。源自希伯來文 Yeshu ；希臘話稱 Iesous 。在近東、西班牙和拉丁美洲，耶穌是很通俗的名字。參閱 Jesus Christ 。

The China Conundrum

By TOM BARTLETT and KARIN FISCHER 43 minutes ago

What seems a boon for American colleges and Chinese students is, on closer inspection, a tricky fit for both. 

recorder[re・cord・er]

• レベル：大学入試程度
• 発音記号[rikɔ'ːrdər]

[名]

1 録音［録画］装置

a tape ［a video(tape)］ recorder
テープ［ビデオ］レコーダー.

2 リコーダー：昔の縦型フルート.

3 （各種の）記録器, 登録機；（電信の）受信器.

4 記録官［係］, 登録者, 登記係.

5 《英国法》刑事法院臨時裁判官.

conundrum

(kə-nŭn'drəm)
n.

1. A riddle in which a fanciful question is answered by a pun.
2. A paradoxical, insoluble, or difficult problem; a dilemma: "the conundrum, thus far unanswered, of achieving full employment without inflation" (Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.).

[Origin unknown.]

conundrum[co・nun・drum]

• レベル：社会人必須
• 発音記号[kənʌ'ndrəm]

[名]（語呂(ごろ)合わせの）なぞ, 判じ物；難問

pose a conundrum
難問を提出する.

Vice versa

Meaning

The reverse of the previous statement, with the main items transposed. Vice versa originates as Latin, with the literal translation being 'the other way round' or 'the position being reversed', but is now fully absorbed into English.
The phrase is usually used to imply the complement of a statement without expressing as much in words. For example:

"Fish can't live where we are most comfortable, and vice versa".

It is often misspelt as visa versa.

Origin

The English language has many expressions that refer to things being the wrong way around - 'inside out', 'upside down', 'topsy-turvy', 'the cart before the horse', 'arsy versy' etc. Even the commonplace word 'preposterous' literally means 'back-to-front'. This extravagance may be accounted for by an age-old English preoccupation with the supernatural and things that are not as they should be - the struggle between good and evil in other words.
'Arsy versy' is the oldest of these expressions, but this has now gone out of regular use and has been replaced by its modern compatriot 'arse about face'. It is first found in Richard Taverner's Prouerbes or adagies with newe addicions, gathered out of the Chiliades of Erasmus, 1539:

"Ye set the cart before the horse - cleane contrarily and arsy versy as they say."

'Vice versa' is also found in print quite early, as in Anthony Copley's An answere to a letter of a Jesuited gentleman by his cousin, 1601:

"They are like to bee put to such a penance and the Arch-Priests vice-versa to be suspended and attained as Schismaticall."

In 1915, the psychologist Edgar Rubin created a 'face/vase' cognitive illusion that is a visual equivalent of the phrase. Sadly, being Danish, Rubin described the conundrum as a 'synsoplevede figurer' (visual figure) and missed the linguistic open goal of calling the illusion 'Vase versa'.